Infection of Linseed by Alternaria linicola; Effects of Inoculum Density, Temperature, Leaf Wetness and Light Regime

Controlled environment studies were conducted to determine the effects of inoculum density, temperature, leaf wetness and light regime on the infection of linseed by Alternaria linicola. The % cotyledons and leaves with symptoms, and the disease severity (% leaf area with symptoms) increased linearly when the inoculum density increased from 1×10³ to 1×10⁵ conidiaml^–1. The first symptoms appeared on cotyledons and leaves 4 and 6 days after inoculation, respectively. Eight hours of leaf wetness were sufficient to initiate the disease at 25°C but not at 15°C, when 10-h periods of leaf wetness were required. % leaf area with symptoms was lower at 15°C than that at 25°C irrespective of the leaf wetness periods tested. Interruption of a continuous leaf wetness period by a 12-h dry period, occurring at any time between 1 and 18h after inoculation, decreased the % cotyledons with symptoms and the disease severity, with the greatest reductions (60% and 100%, respectively) being observed when the dry period began 6h after inoculation. A. linicola conidia were able to exploit successive 12-h periods of leaf wetness cumulatively to infect linseed plants. Disease incidence and severity were positively correlated with the dark period following inoculation, but they were negatively related to the length of the initial light period. Our findings suggest that infection of linseed by A. linicola and further development of symptoms can occur under unfavourable environmental conditions.     

叶露仪的研制和初步测试

植物叶面结露时间长短及露量与农作物病虫害,特别是真菌病害的发生有密切的关系。为监测叶露情况我们设计制作了叶露仪。该仪器适合在植物病虫害发生规律的科学研究和大田作物病害预测预报工作中使用。     

黄河流域甘肃段地表干湿时空变化及驱动因子分析

为了探究气候变化影响下地表干湿时空变化及驱动因子,基于黄河流域甘肃段15个气象站点资料,分析了不同时间尺度SWI(地表湿润指数)的时空变化规律,采用灰色关联度法、敏感系数法和贡献特征分析定量化研究了各气象因子与SWI的变化关系。结果表明：SWI整体呈微弱上升变化,气候呈半湿润—半干旱—半湿润变化。四季由湿到干分别为夏、秋、春、冬,主要干湿气候类型依次为半湿润、半湿润、半干旱、干旱。1980s—2010s经历了湿—干—湿的变化过程。各气象因子敏感程度由高到低为P(降水量)、u(风速)、T(平均气温)、T_max(日最高气温)、n(日照时数)、T_min(日最低气温)、RH(相对湿度)。引发SWI变化的贡献大小排序为T_min,P,T,T_max,u,RH,n,其中T_min,P,u,n促使SWI增大,T,T_max,RH促使SWI降低,流域多年SWI微弱增大是T_min升高、P增大、u增加、n减少和T升高、T_max升高、RH降低...     

Assessing the utility of topographic variables in predicting structural complexity of tree stands in a reforested urban landscape

The transformation of natural landscapes into impervious built-up surfaces through urbanization is known to significantly interfere with the ecological integrity of urban landscapes and accelerate climate change and associated impacts. Although urban reforestation is widely recognised as an ideal mitigation practice against these impacts, it often has to compete with other lucrative land uses within an urban area. The often limited urban space provided for reforestation therefore necessitates the optimization of the ecological benefits, which demands spatially explicit information. The recent proliferation of tree stands structural complexity (SSC) and topographic data offer great potential for determining the ecological performance of reforested areas across an urban landscape. This study explores the potential of using topographic datasets to predict SSC in a reforested urban landscape and ranks the value of these topographic variables in determining SSC. Tree structural data from a reforested urban area was collected and fed into a tree stand structural complexity index, which was used to indicate ecological performance. Topographic variables (Topographic Wetness Index, slope, Area Solar Radiation and elevation)- were derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and used to predict SSC using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression technique. Results show that SSC varied significantly between the topographic variables. Results also show that the topographic variables could be used to reliably predict SSC. As expected, the Topographic Wetness Index and slope were the most important topographic determinants of SSC while elevation was the least valuable. These results provide valuable spatially explicit information about the ecological performance of the reforested areas within an urban landscape. Specifically, the study demonstrates the value of topographic data as aids to urban reforestation planning.     

基于梯田信息的地形湿度指数表达研究

[目的]研究基于梯田DEM的地形湿度指数,为深化黄土高原地区土壤水分的研究提供依据。[方法]以黄土高原地区梯田为研究对象,选择5mDEM、基于真实田坎方法构建的1m梯田DEM和基于激光点云数据构建的高精度1 m DEM数据分别对研究样区的地形湿度指数进行表达并作对比分析。[结果]3种不同梯田DEM数据对地形湿度指数的表达有显著差异。(1)5m DEM数据仅能表现出地形湿度指数的宏观分布特征,不具备梯田地形特征信息;(2)基于真实田坎方法构建的1m梯田DEM能较准确细致地实现对梯田样区地形湿度指数的表达,梯田田面和田坎特征分布明显。但与高精度1 m DEM相比,在单个田面和田坎内部地形湿度指数定量表达有所偏差。[结论]基于真实田坎方法构建出的梯田DEM可以更加准确地表达出梯田区域的地形湿度指数分布特征,但与真实地形相比,在田面和田坎内部的表达上仍然有所偏差,其构建方法需要进一步改进。     

草带布设位置对坡沟系统水文连通性的影响

为研究坡面不同草带布设位置对坡沟系统水文连通性的影响,在模拟降雨条件下,选取地形收敛指数和地形湿度指数作为结构连通性指标、简化水文曲线和相对地表连接函数作为功能连通性指标分析了不同草带布设位置(坡面中上、中、中下、下部)坡沟系统水文连通性。结果表明:不同草带布设位置对坡沟系统的连通过程影响不同。植被布设越靠近沟坡部分产流时间越长;植被布设在中下坡位、下坡位比中坡位和中上坡位的总径流量小,对径流汇集影响大。中上坡位布置植被比其他位置有较好的结构连通性,其降雨后的地形更利于水系连通。不同格局地形收敛指数分布类似正态分布,地形湿度指数分布符合正偏态分布。中上坡位布置植被降雨后地形比其他格局更利于汇流;中上坡位布置植被降雨后的地形湿度指数均值比降雨前减少10.59%,整体变化最大,也更利于产流。植被布设越靠近坡顶部分其功能连通性越好,但对于降水的储蓄能力较差。中上坡位布置植被相比其他格局需要较少的水量达到产流,功能连通性最好。降雨停止时,中下部和下部坡位布设植被约有70%的总降雨量用于储蓄,而中上部和上部仅为50%。     

Precipitation and dew in a soybean canopy: Spatial variations in leaf wetness and implications for Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection

With the occurrence of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) now a seasonal problem in the United States, increased research is needed to ascertain the potential transmission of this disease among soybean (Glycine max L.) in major growing regions throughout the nation. The fungal disease spores are deposited on leaves in the lower region of the canopy through rain events or wind transport from nearby plants during the growing season and must then have moist conditions on the lower trifoliolates for several hours in order to infect the plant. These moist conditions can be achieved through any form of wetness. This wetness was measured in a soybean canopy at West Lafayette, IN, during the summer of 2007 using resistance-grid wetness sensors located at three heights representative of the top, mid-level, and lowest trifoliate of the canopy. Temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation measurements were used to determine the cause of wetness. Over the course of the experiment, wetness events were classified as dew, rain, or neither. The dew events were then compared to rain events with an emphasis on differences in vertical and horizontal duration of wetness. Dew events were found to be the dominant wetness source in the upper canopy. Rain events were the most dominant cause of wetness in the lower canopy. Upper canopy wetness events had the longest duration. Horizontal variation in wetness and wetness duration was large.     

Demospongic acids revisited

The well-known fatty acids with a Δ5,9 unsaturation system were designated for a long period as demospongic acids, taking into account that they originally occurred in marine Demospongia sponges. However, such acids have also been observed in various marine sources with a large range of chain-lengths (C(16)-C(32)) and from some terrestrial plants with short acyl chains (C(18)-C(19)). Finally, the Δ5,9 fatty acids appear to be a particular type of non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMA FAs). This article reviews the occurrence of these particular fatty acids in marine and terrestrial organisms and shows the biosynthetic connections between Δ5,9 fatty acids and other NMI FAs.     

近45年阿克苏地区干湿程度演变分析

采用近45年来阿克苏地区年、季气温、降水序列,并通过对各站干湿指标序列的考察,分析了阿克苏地区年代际、年、季干湿状况的变化.结果表明:阿克苏地区年平均气温的增加快于年降水量的增加,两者均以冬季增加为主,临近沙漠地带夏季气温和秋季降水呈微弱的下降趋势.干湿指标分布自山区经平原向沙漠由湿向干变化,由于各区域间降水差异较大,沙漠边缘地带比山区小近30%.阿克苏地区的干湿变化呈现出山区和浅山地带持续增湿,平原增湿速率逐渐减小,局地转为干旱化的特征.     

Spatial Variability of Soil Moisture on the Hillslopes,Southwestern China

Spatial variability of soil moisture (wetness) was examined on sloping fields in the shallow hilly regions of Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. The experimental site, a large hillside field with a slope of approximately 10° has an area of 80 m (transverse) 2 30 m (longitudinal). It was plotted by 'grid pattern' of 5 m 2 5 m, setting up 119 sampling points. Semi-variance analysis for soil wetness was conducted in the transverse and longitudinal directions respectively. The results showed that the semivariance functions for the two are completely different from each other. Semivariance values have an obvious structure in the transverse direction, displaying the correlation range of soil wetness of 30 m. No spatial correlation, however, appears in the longitudinal direction in designed minimum distance (5 m) of sampling.