转基因植物对蜜蜂的安全性（下）

转基因植物已在全球范围内大面积推广应用 ,全球 5大转基因植物中的油菜、棉花、玉米均是主要的蜜粉源植物 ,对养蜂生产有重要意义 ,其对蜜蜂的安全性问题值得关注。 2种主要的抗虫 (Bt毒蛋白、蛋白酶抑制剂 )基因或抗真菌基因的产物只有在高浓度时才可能对工蜂的寿命、消化酶活性、行为等有不良影响。从目前的研究来看 ,转基因植物对蜜蜂是安全的     

四种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及初级风险评估

采用饲喂管法和点滴法,分别测定了吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、啶虫脒4种原药及其制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的急性毒性,并采用危害商值(HQ)法进行了初级风险评价。结果表明:饲喂管法测得97.3%吡虫啉原药、25%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、96%噻虫嗪原药、30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、97%噻虫胺原药、5%噻虫胺可湿性粉剂、96%啶虫脒原药及40%啶虫脒可溶性粉剂的经口毒性48 hLD50值分别为有效成分8.04×10-3、9.46×10-3、7.04×10-3、4.64×10-3、11.8×10-3、5.25×10-3、5.22和6.31μg/蜂;点滴法测得各药剂的接触毒性48 h-LD50值分别为有效成分2.46×10-2、1.33×10-2、3.63×10-2、9.27×10-3、1.52×10-2、2.21×10-2、5.82和5.07μg/蜂。按《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的毒性等级划分标准,啶虫脒原药及其可溶性粉剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为中等毒,其他6种药剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为高毒;根据危害商值(HQ),啶虫脒对蜜蜂为低风险,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺对蜜蜂均存在高风险。     

蜂蛹营养成分分析

为促进蜂蛹资源的开发利用,对蜂蛹的主要营养成分进行了研究。结果表明,蜂蛹干物质中含蛋白质46.21%、脂肪26.09%、碳水化合物20.34%、灰分4.46%、总糖0.73%、几丁质4.37%、黄酮类化合物45.31 mg/100g。蛋白质中含有18种氨基酸,总量为44.01 g/100g,人体必需的8种氨基酸种类齐全,含量为17.34 g/100g,占氨基酸总量的39.39%;蜂蛹脂肪含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、肉豆蔻酸、油酸和亚麻酸5种脂肪酸,分别占脂肪酸总量的38.14%、14.52%、2.64%、43.27%和1.43%;在已测定的19种矿质元素中,镁的含量最高,为1 500.51μg/g,钙的含量次之,为886.25μg/g,锌和镍的含量也较高,分别为139.59μg/g和112.69μg/g;蜂蛹中含有维生素A 172.42 IU/100g、维生素C 584.36 mg/100g、维生素D 17140 IU/100g。     

蜂蛹蛋白质酶解工艺及其氨基酸口服液对小鼠的强壮作用

研究了蜂蛹蛋白质的酶解工艺以及蜂蛹氨基酸口服液对小鼠的强壮作用。结果表明,1398中性蛋白酶可以对蜂蛹蛋白质进行有效水解,其最佳工艺条件为:酶浓度0.65%,料液比1∶14,在50℃下酶解4 h,游离氨基酸的生成量可达224.98 m g/g干蜂蛹。蜂蛹氨基酸口服液可以有效增加小鼠体重,提高小鼠血液红细胞数量以及血红蛋白、血清总蛋白浓度,提高受试小鼠的脏器系数。表明蜂蛹氨基酸口服液对幼年雄性小鼠具有很好的强壮作用。     

Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season

To establish the sublethal concentrations domain, acute and chronic oral tests were conducted on caged honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L) using imidacloprid and a metabolite, 5-OH-imidacloprid, under laboratory conditions. The latter showed a 48-h oral LD50 value (153 ng per bee) five times higher than that of imidacloprid (30 ng per bee). Chronic feeding tests indicated that the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) of imidacloprid and of 5-OH-imidacloprid on mortality of winter bees were 24 and 120 microg kg(-1) respectively. Behavioural effects of imidacloprid and 5-OH-imidacloprid were studied using the olfactory conditioning of proboscis extension response at two periods of the year. Winter bees surviving chronic treatment with imidacloprid and 5-OH-imidacloprid had reduced learning performances. The LOEC of imidacloprid was lower in summer bees (12 microg kg(-1)) than in winter bees (48 microg kg(-1)), which points to a greater sensitivity of honeybees behaviour in summer bees, compared to winter bees.     

The Control of Varroa destructor Using Oxalic Acid

Twenty-four honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were used to monitor the efficacy of a solution of 2.9% oxalic acid (OA) and 31.9% sugar against the mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality was established prior to and after OA treatments, which were conducted in August and September. The treatments resulted in 37% mite mortality as opposed to 1.11% in the controls. OA treatment conducted in September on previously untreated colonies resulted in 25% mite mortality. OA treatments in October and November resulted in approximately 97% mite mortality. These results suggest that OA is effective during the broodless period and less effective when applied to colonies with capped broods. The possible use of OA against the Varroa mite in honeybee colonies as an alternative to routine chemical treatments is discussed.     

超临界萃取技术及其在蜂产品加工中的应用

本文简要介绍了超临界萃取技术及其在蜂产品提取中的应用。     

蜜蜂主要病虫害调查及防治试验报告

针对西方蜜蜂病虫害频繁发生的严竣形势，我们通过典型调查和引进高效低毒药物进行有目的地防治试验．共防治蜜蜂1021群，治愈951群，有皴率93．1％，取得了比较满意的效果。     

PCR技术在蜜蜂疾病诊断中的应用*

 由于蜜蜂疾病的传统诊断方法费时、费力,因此开发快速诊断技术非常重要。分子生物学技术的发展为其提供了可能。笔者对PCR技术在蜜蜂疾病诊断中的应用现状作了综述,并对其中存在的问题和应用前景进行了探讨。     

蜜蜂遗传多样性研究的RAPD-PCR反应体系的正交优化

利用正交设计L16（45）对蜜蜂基因组DNARAPD-PCR反应体系的5个因素（Tag酶,引物,Mg2＋,dNTP,模板）在4个水平上进行优化试验,筛选出各个反应因素的最佳水平,建立蜜蜂模板DNARAPD-PCR反应的最佳体系（25L）：10×PCRbuffer3.0L,Tag酶0.5U,引物浓度0.4mol/L,Mg2＋浓度3.0mmol/L,dNTP浓度0.5mmol/L,模板40ng。对蜜蜂DNARAPD-PCR最佳反应体系的退火温度进行了梯度试验,最佳退火温度为54℃。