Growth response of Monochasma savatieri to nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium in the absence of a host plant: essential demand for nutrients of root hemiparasitic plants

Abstract

Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim is a perennial, parasitic herb used in traditional Chinese medicine and its wild resources have declined sharply in recent years. For a long time, the research on fertilization of parasitic plants mostly focused on parasitic weeds. Despite its urgent need, there are few studies discussing the nutrient requirements of medicinal threatened parasitic plants. In this study, we investigated the growth response of M. savatieri to inorganic solutes. By using an orthogonal design in pot cultivation, the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on growth traits, haustoria formation, and biomass of M. savatieri were determined under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that M. savatieri had a rather significant growth response to different nutrients supplied. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium significantly influenced growth traits, haustoria formation, and biomass of M. savatieri, but differ in the degree. M. savatieri experienced a more significant increase in nitrogen sufficient than phosphorus or potassium sufficient in terms of seedling height (SH), maximum root length, and biomass. There were significant positive correlations between tested parameters. The regression equation for SH, total leaf length, and number of haustoria both showed relatively high R² values and could be sensitive available indicators. In the absence of hosts and haustoria-inducing factors, M. savatieri was capable of haustoria formation and autotrophic growth for a period of time. We concluded that M. savatieri had a certain demand for inorganic nutrients. The appropriate supply of inorganic nutrients promoted growth and development of M. savatieri.     

向日葵霜霉菌吸器和孢囊梗发育的电镜观察

电镜观察发现,在菌丝产生的入侵栓穿透寄主细胞壁之前,寄主细胞已在壁与质膜间分泌有大量的胼胝质。入侵栓壁由两层构成,分别与菌丝细胞壁相连接,当入侵栓穿透寄主细胞壁后,迅速扩张,膨大成吸器,吸器卵球形,吸器壁由染色深的外层和染色浅的内层构成。随吸器进一步发育吸器外间质明显增宽,其中分布有大量染色较深的物质。在孢囊梗产生时,首先由位于气孔下方的菌丝产生多个孢囊梗原基,原基伸出气孔后,迅速膨大,并产生多个突起,突起经不断延伸而形成孢囊梗。     

油菜白锈菌与其寄主相互关系的超微结构研究

观察发现,多核无隔膜的胞间菌丝上可产生多个吸器,形成于寄主细胞内的球形吸器体以管状的颈部与胞间菌丝细胞相连。吸器体壁和颈部壁仅由一层组成,颈部上端的壁外存在一染色较深的外套结构,吸器体内分布有大量的线粒体,但无细胞核的存在,吸器体外间质内分布有染色较深的物质。在寄主细胞原生质中,可观察到大量的管状结构,这些结构可相互联接,并可与吸器外间质沟通。位于表皮细胞和叶肉细胞之间的孢子囊梗,以芽生的方式产生孢子囊,孢子囊通常呈串状排列。本文对入侵外套和吸器外间质内物质来源及功能进行了讨论。     

小麦Mlo反义基因的转化及转基因植株的白粉病抗性分析

采用基因枪法将小麦反义Mlo基因导入扬麦158和济麦20的幼胚愈伤组织中,在含除草剂的分化培养基上经两轮筛选,获得抗性再生植株。PCR检测、PCR-Southern杂交、基因组DNA斑点杂交和除草剂BASTA抗性分析结果证实已获得转基因扬麦158和济麦20阳性植株,荧光定量表达分析亦证明Mlo基因发生沉默。对T₀和T₁代转基因植株的白粉病抗性鉴定表明,有6个转基因株系高抗白粉病。对T₁代转基因小麦接种白粉菌后孢子发育的显微观察结果显示,Mlo反义基因的导入明显加快了乳突的形成和维持时间,有效抑制了吸器的发育,因而使转Mlo反义基因材料表现抗病性。     

小麦白粉菌诱导的几丁质酶同工酶分析

以抗白粉病的小麦近等基因系为材料，研究小麦白粉菌诱地条件下，几丁质酶同工酶在抗白粉病的B1969及其感病回交亲本扬麦5号中的差异，利用Western杂交在抗，感小麦品系中都检测到3条几丁质酶同工酶带，相对分子质量分别为43800（CH1）、27600（CH2）和18400（CH3）。这3种几丁质酶同工酶的含量变化与小麦白粉菌侵染密切相关，而且在抗感品系间存在明显差异，对胞内，胞间几丁质酶提取液进行的Western杂交分析发现，CH1主要分布于胞内，CH2在胞内，胞间都有分布，CH3主要分布于胞间，在抗病品系中，CH1和CH2有较高的本底表达水平，且CH2和CH3在胞间积累的速度也明显快于感病品系，体外抑菌试验表明，经亲和层析纯化的小麦几丁质酶能酶解小麦叶片表皮细胞中已形成的白粉菌吸器。