十种常用农药与球孢白僵菌的生物学相容性

球孢白僵菌孢子粉与10种常用农药相容性的测定结果显示,随着孢子浓度上升,所试农药对孢子的抑制作用均有不同程度的增强。在1/10田间常规使用浓度下,百菌清和代森锰锌均能抑制或杀死孢子(萌发率<1％)。除阿维菌素外,所有杀虫剂均与白僵菌孢子相容,在常规使用浓度的10倍稀释液中孢子萌发率达90％以上。吡虫啉、蚜虱灵、灭多威和氟虫腈与孢子的相容性最好,其中吡虫啉和蚜虱灵对孢子萌发率的影响不明显随药剂浓度的变化而变化,即使在田间常规使用浓度下孢子萌发率也在95％以上,而阿维菌素与白僵菌的相容性极差。因此,应用白僵菌制剂防治害虫,选择生物学相容性好的农药以低剂量与白僵菌制剂混用,既可使菌剂增效,又可大幅度降低化学药剂用量。     

复合高效配方药剂对甘蔗褐锈病防控效果评价

为了筛选防控甘蔗褐锈病的复合高效配方药剂及精准施药技术,选用代森锌、烯唑醇、代森锰锌、嘧菌脂、吡唑醚菌脂、苯甲嘧菌酯、百菌清、多菌灵进行田间药效试验.结果表明,(65％代森锌WP 1500 g+75％百菌清 WP 1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+增效剂300 mL)/hm2、(12.5％烯唑醇 WP 1500 g...     

Repression of deoxynivalenol accumulation and expression of Tri genes in Fusarium culmorum by fungicides in vitro

A defined medium was developed in which to monitor deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation, fungal growth and expression of genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis (designated Tri genes). In liquid culture, DON accumulated shortly after maximum expression of Tri6 and coincident with expression of Tri5. This was generally 96 h after inoculation. The effects of sublethal concentrations of the fungicides azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl and tebuconazole on biosynthesis of the trichothecene DON by Fusarium culmorum were studied using this medium. The strobilurin fungicides trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin significantly reduced the accumulation of DON in culture medium at a range of concentrations. Kresoxim-methyl, also a strobilurin, and tebuconazole, a triazole, did not significantly reduce the accumulation of DON, although levels were lower than those in nonamended cultures. Trifloxystrobin significantly reduced the accumulation of DON when added to cultures before initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis. RT-PCR assays of the expression of Tri6 and Tri5 genes indicated that trifloxystrobin acted by inhibiting the initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis.     

油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵和乙霉威的抗药性机理

生物测定结果表明,油菜菌核病菌田间菌株对多菌灵(MBC)敏感性表型呈多样性,即存在MBCS、MBCLRLR、MBCHRHR和MBCVHR表型.而对乙霉威(DIE)则只检测到DIES和DIEHR表型.MBCS、MBCLR和MBCHR菌株中除JD2-3菌株为DIES外,其余菌株均为DIEHR,MBCVHR菌株对DIE表现为DIES.MBC和DIE之间存在典型的负相关交互抗性.序列分析结果表明,表型为MBCVHRDIES菌株的β-微管蛋白基因,第198位氨基酸由Glu(GAG)突变为Ala(GCG);表型为MBCHRDIEHR菌株的β-微管蛋白基因的突变位点在第200位,由Phe(TTC)突变为Tyr(TAC);而表型为MBCSDIES和MBCLRDIEHR的菌株在所扩增的β-微管蛋白基因片段中未发生突变.初步表明,β-微管蛋白基因198和200位氨基酸的突变是引起油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵抗药性呈多样性的分子机理.     

黄瓜和葡萄霜霉病菌对不同内吸杀菌剂的交互抗药性

为了确定甲霜胺、乙磷铝与恶唑烷酮、霜脲氰、安克和硫代磷酰胺酯之间的交抗型,在叶盘上共测试了黄瓜霜霉(PC)和葡萄霜霉(PV)的27个分离系对6种内吸杀菌剂的抗药水平,结果证实了在两种目标真菌上甲霜胺和乙磷铝之间的非交抗关系,甲霜胺和恶唑烷酮之间的正交互抗药性,在PC上甲霜胺和霜脲氰之间的非交抗关系。试验还表明在PC上甲霜胺和安克之间以及乙磷铝和霜脲氰之间的非交抗关系,在PV上甲霜胺和乙磷铝与硫代磷酰胺酯之间的非交抗关系。此外,试验发现了霜脲氰和安克在叶盘上对抗甲霜胺分离系具有很高的杀菌活性。     

菌核净、代森锰锌及其混剂对烟草赤星病菌毒力测定

运用Horsfall毒力试验设计方案和孢子萌发抑制法分别测定菌核净、代森锰锌及其混剂对烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alteranta)的毒力，并分别用Wadley方法、Gowing方法、Abbott方法和孙云沛方法等多种评价方法评价所配混剂的增效作用，结果表明，当它们按EC50剂量7：3的比例混配时所得混剂表现明显的增效作用．4种增效作用评价方法所得结果一致，田间防治结果也证明该混剂可有效防治赤星病。     

防治糜子丝黑穗病的杀菌剂筛选及田间防治效果研究

为筛选防治糜子丝黑穗病的高效药剂,采用琼脂平板孢子萌芽法测定了6种杀菌剂对糜子丝黑穗病菌的室内毒力,并通过两年田间小区试验评价了杀菌剂对糜子丝黑穗病的药效及糜子植株生长的影响。室内毒力测定结果表明,戊唑醇对丝黑穗病菌的毒力最强,EC₅₀值为0.1127 μg/mL,其次为烯唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵,EC₅₀值分别为1.0634,6.1775,12.4969和54.4021 μg/mL,福美双的毒力最弱,EC₅₀值为1169.6448 μg/mL。药剂处理与对照相比,发芽率均有显著降低,随浓度的增高,种子活力下降,其中烯唑醇对种子萌发抑制作用最大,发芽率和发芽势均最小。田间药效试验结果与室内毒力测定结果一致,戊唑醇防效最好,其次为烯唑醇、甲基硫菌灵、多菌灵,苯醚甲环唑仅在浓度高时防效较好,福美双防治效果最差。植株生长影响评价结果表明,多菌灵显著降低主茎倒二叶面积、主茎倒三叶面积、叶干重和分蘖数。与对照相比,各药剂处理下的单株粒重均有不同程度的减少,但产量均增加,其中戊唑醇处理下的产量两年均最高,而福美双在2014年没有显著增产效果。因此,在6种供试药剂中,戊唑醇能以最低浓度获得最好的防治效果,可在实际生产中推广利用。     

Rapid Onset of the Accelerated Degradation of Dicarboximide Fungicides in a UK Soil with a Long History of Agrochemical Exclusion

In field and laboratory experiments, enhanced degradation of the dicarboximide fungicides, iprodione and vinclozolin, was stimulated by only one application of the fungicides in a soil with no previous history of any pesticide input. Field and laboratory studies demonstrated the ease of stimulation by pre-treatment with even very low concentrations of the fungicides (0·5 μg g⁻¹ soil) and at a range of temperatures and soil moisture conditions. Soils that had acquired full enhanced degradation could rapidly degrade fungicide applied at 30 times the recommended field rate. Cross-enhancement of degradation was noted with both fungicides, but not with their common metabolite, 3,5-dichloroaniline. Application of the antibiotics chloramphenicol or rifampicin to soil reduced enhanced degradation to control levels; cycloheximide had no effect. This, together with the inhibitory action of azide, mercuric chloride and repetitive microwaving, indicated that the agent(s) of enhanced degradation was probably bacterial.     

杨梅褐斑病防治药剂的筛选与应用及其对嘧菌酯敏感基线的建立

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了11种杀菌剂对杨梅褐斑病菌的离体抑菌活性,结果表明,嘧菌酯的抑制活性最强,EC50值为0.96 mg/L;百菌清的活性最弱,EC50值为69.24 mg/L;其余药剂的抑制活性依次为吡唑醚菌酯＞氟硅唑>腈菌唑>抑霉唑>戊唑醇>咪鲜胺>喹啉铜>代森锰锌>多菌灵,EC50值在3.25～68.73 mg/L之间。林间试验结果表明,嘧菌酯对杨梅褐斑病具有很好的控制效果,其防效显著优于喹啉铜和多菌灵。进一步的研究结果表明,供试100株杨梅褐斑病菌对嘧菌酯的EC50值在0.15～2.17 mg/L之间,呈近似正态的连续分布,其平均EC50值为0.97?.22 mg/L,可作为该病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性基线,用于田间抗药性监测。