2022年度国家自然科学基金土壤学项目受理与资助分析

本文分析了2022年度国家自然科学基金土壤学的项目受理与资助情况,以环境地球科学学科土壤学有关的D0701环境土壤学、D0709基础土壤学、D0710土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力等三个二级申请代码为重点,对面上、青年科学基金、地区科学基金、国家杰出青年科学基金、优秀青年科学基金和重点等类别的项目的申请、受理、评议、资助立项、研究队伍、分类属性、关键词数据云等方面进行了统计与分析,旨在为今后的相关申请提供参考。     

2021年度国家自然科学基金农学基础与作物学学科项目申请、评审与资助情况分析

为持续推进科学基金改革,促进学科均衡、协调和可持续发展,分析了国家自然科学基金农学基础与作物学学科2021年度新申请代码下的项目申请、评审与资助情况及基于4类科学问题属性的分类申请与资助情况等,提出了项目申请存在的主要问题和建议.     

中国热带农业科学院财政科技项目经费管理探析——以中国热带农业科学院为例

从分析中国热带农业科学院当前财政科技项目管理面临的新形势入手，解析现有财政科技项目的类型及构成，指出财政科技项目经费管理中存在的问题，从6个方面提出如何加强财政科技项目经费有效管理，发挥财政资金使用绩效的措施和思路。     

The implications of various silvicultural funding arrangements for privately managed public forest land in Canada

When devising policies for financing private silvicultural operations on public forest land, government agencies should consider carefully the benefits and costs of alternative arrangements and how they arc likely to affect tenure holders' behavior. Three general methods of achieving silvicultural objectives arc discussed — the creation of incentives for private voluntary expenditures, reimbursement by governments of expenditures on approved or required silvicultural operations, and required silvicultural operations at the tenure holder's expense.Private firms will only invest voluntarily in silviculture on public lands if they have adequate security of tenure and hold sufficient equity in the timber values resulting from their activities. If firms' silvicultural costs arc reimbursed, their behavior will depend on the extent of reimbursement and whether they have a financial interest in the outcomes of their reimbursed activities. Generally, reimbursement of expenditures must be supported by minimum performance standards and costly monitoring and enforcement procedures. If silvicultural operations are required at the tenure holder's expense, firms will only undertake silviculture to avoid penalties and have a strong incentive to achieve required standards at minimum cost. More stringent monitoring and enforcement procedures may be necessary than if costs arc reimbursed.The impact of policy alternatives is illustrated by means of a survey of silvicultural expenditures on two forest tenure types in British Columbia.     

河南省烟叶生产基础设施建设研究

分析了河南省烟田生产基础设施建设现状,对比2005~2015年生产基础设施两个五年规划的变化情况,剖析了河南省烟田基础设施建设项目资金来源及结构,最后根据目前生产基础设施建设项目的总体规划、资金渠道、项目管理三个方面存在的问题提出了相应的建议及改进措施。     

The Essential Role of Human Dimensions and Stakeholder Participation in States’ Fulfillment of Public Trust Responsibilities

The Public Trust Doctrine (PTD) vests states with a fiduciary responsibility to manage wildlife for the benefit of current and future generations. States have varied approaches to applying the PTD for wildlife management ranging from a traditional focus on hunters, anglers, and trappers to a progressive approach of broad inclusion of all potential stakeholders in their decision-making processes. We argue that states need to gather and incorporate more and better human dimensions (HD) information to fulfill their PTD responsibilities. We describe some of the barriers to increased use of HD and the changes in agency culture, staffing, data gathering, and decision-making processes necessary to integrate HD effectively and comport with the PTD. We conclude that in addition to increasing fulfillment of PTD responsibilities, increased use of HD information will help maintain agency relevance, increase political support, and secure broader agency funding.     

浅析高校科研经费管理方式的创新

高校科研经费逐年增长,合理、高效、安全地使用科研经费已成为高校提高科研水平,巩固学术地位,增强科技创新能力的关键所在。文章针对高校科研经费管理中存在的问题,提出了成立科研项目管理和经费管理"二位一体"的协调管理机构、成立预算编制咨询委员会、加强科研委托任务合同及外拨经费的审核、建立科研项目经费信息公开制度、建立绩效津贴制度等措施和解决办法,以提高科研经费的使用效率。     

Opportunities for investment into small ruminant breeding programmes in Brazil

The social contribution of goat and sheep industries is very important to many Brazilian families mainly in semi‐arid regions of the country. However, the productive chains of these two species in Brazil are unorganized and ultimately informal. On the other hand, there is potential for growth and development to which an upscaling of breeding programmes will be essential. Historically, many attempts to structure these programmes have been unsuccessful. Inadequate understanding of how to achieve genetic improvement often leading to distributing unsuitable exotic genetics among the producers is one of the reasons for the failure. Another important factor is related to the sources of funding and the priorities for the use of funds. According to the experience and the state of the art in Brazil, the priorities for funding must be in the characterization of the different systems and animal genetic resources, organization of information collection procedures and national databanks, training of technicians and producers and development of system to enable animal evaluation.     

《食用菌学报》载文、作者、引文、被引情况及出版时滞的统计分析

根据信息计量学原理运用文献分析法对《食用菌学报》1994～2008年载文数量、分类、基金论文率、论文合著、引文情况以及出版时滞等因素进行了分类和量化处理,同时对学报载文被引用情况进行统计分析,为作者和读者了解学报的发展及其影响力提供客观数据。     

Assessing Knowledge Production for Agrosilvopastoral Systems in South America

In recent decades agroforestry has undergone significant development in Latin America. South America generates the most scientific research on the topic in the region. We conducted a comprehensive review and analysis of knowledge production for South American agroforestry that includes livestock grazing, known as agrosilvopastoralism (AS), examining how different sociopolitical factors such as sources of funding, institutional priorities, and international cooperation can bias the direction and objectives of scientific research. We assessed the major attributes of scientific publications on the topic (25 articles per country; overall n = 210) and the potential factors underlying the processes of research and development in the region. The tree component was the most studied, while the livestock component received less attention. Studies were mainly focused on the production of goods and services (monetary or nonmonetary approaches), except in Brazil, where conservation was the major study objective. Stakeholders were involved in more than half of the studies (60%), and they were mostly ranchers and local producers. More than half (70%) of the studies offered recommendations based on their results, and such recommendations were mostly concerned with the management of agrosilvopastoral system components. In general, studies were led just as often by local as foreign first authors and coauthored by more than three people as part of interinstitutional working groups. Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Chile had more frequent cooperation among institutions and countries but mainly used their own funding. In contrast, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru had almost 100% of their studies supported by foreign countries (North America and Europe). Countries with greater internal funding of research generated more long-term studies. Besides this, two clear trends were detected: 1) conservation and social aspects were mainly supported by sources from external countries led by foreign principal investigators, and 2) production issues were supported from sources within countries and supported high levels of cooperation among institutions.