论王安忆小说《长恨歌》中的宿命意识

对人类命运的关注是文学创作的永恒主题,宿命,是文学中永恒的主题之一。王安忆的长篇小说《长恨歌》是当代文学史上的一部经典著作,它以强烈的宿命意识贯穿始终。《长恨歌》的宿命意识主要体现在以下三个方面:首先,悲剧主人公王琦瑶是宿命意识的坚持者,强烈的宿命感几乎是王琦瑶相伴一生不曾舍弃的精神特质;其次,小说中作者常常借助他人之口道出宿命思想;最后,小说中的叙述者总在恰当时刻代替作者阐发宿命观点。     

不同缓控释氮肥对连作春玉米产量及氮肥去向的影响

在山西省连作春玉米区连续4年设置大田定位试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、一次性基施尿素(CU1)、追施尿素(CU2)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、多酶金缓释尿素(MEU)6个施肥处理,研究施用缓控释氮肥对春玉米产量、氮肥去向及氮素平衡的影响,为春玉米氮素养分的科学管理技术提供参考。结果表明:(1)缓控释氮肥处理能够明显提高春玉米产量,促进氮素吸收。与CU1处理相比,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2处理可分别提高春玉米产量17.51%,9.88%,9.62%,9.48%,同时氮肥农学利用效率分别提高7.5,4.2,4.1,4.1 kg/kg。(2)不同缓控释氮肥处理的作物吸收肥料氮以及肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量之间存在显著差异。SCU、MEU、PCU、CU2和CU1的氮肥表观利用率分别为36.1%,32.5%,26.5%,26.7%,19.5%,肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量分别占施氮量的28.5%,31.6%,35.7%,35.5%,39.1%。此外,与一次性基施尿素相比,缓控释氮肥能够显著降低肥料氮的损失,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2分别降低了22.65%,18.81%,8.99%,8.47%。(3)综合分析不同氮肥处理的农田氮素平衡,SCU处理的春玉米吸氮量最高,为261.5 kg/hm^2,其次是MEU,为253.5 kg/hm^2。SCU的0-100 cm土层残留量在缓控释氮肥中最低,为124.1 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为131.04,140.09 kg/hm^2。SCU处理的氮表观损失量最低,为106.3 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为111.6,125.1 kg/hm^2。在山西省春玉米主产区土壤上,缓控释氮肥能够显著促进春玉米对氮素的吸收,减少氮素损失。硫包衣尿素和多酶金缓释尿素的效果相对较好。     

铬污染归宿的同位素原位监测法

铬(Cr)污染的迁移和环境毒性主要取决于其化学形态。在环境中,如果移动性及毒性较大的Cr(Ⅵ)能被还原为移动性及毒性较小的Cr(Ⅲ),并且还原速率大于污染速率,那么对铬污染的自然生态修复治理是可行的。铬在氧化还原过程中,存在着同位素动力学分馏效应,致使同位素比率发生移动,移动的大小和反应进程有关,服从Reyleigh关系方程。因此,利用同位素测定可以确定Cr(Ⅵ)的归宿,用于铬(Cr)污染自然修复的监测。本文就环境铬污染自然生态修复中,应用同位素原位分析法进行监测的基本原理、分析过程及应用的可行性进行了阐述。     

灌溉方法对温室番茄栽培尿素氮利用影响的研究

用15N示踪技术研究了沟灌和滴灌对温室番茄栽培尿素氮的利用及其在土壤中残留的影响。结果表明,滴灌处理番茄对15N肥料利用率是11.5%(地上部分),沟灌处理15N肥料利用率是7.4%。滴灌处理番茄所吸收的15N肥料量比沟灌处理提高了56.3%,灌溉方式对肥料15N在果实、茎、叶中的分配比例没有明显影响。0~100cm土层中15N肥料残留量滴灌处理为143.1kg/hm2,占氮肥投入量的63.6%,沟灌处理残留量为133.0kg/hm2,占氮肥投入量的59.1%;其中在0~20cm表土层中残留的肥料氮最多,沟灌和滴灌分别达到了79.9kg/hm2和97.3kg/hm2,占0~100cm土层肥料氮残留总量60.1%和68.0%。沟灌处理肥料氮的损失量为75.5kg/hm2,占氮肥投入量的33.5%;滴灌处理肥料氮的损失量为56.0kg/hm2,占氮肥投入量的24.9%。     

黄泛区潮土-冬小麦系统中尿素的转化和化肥氮去向

在田间条件下,用~(15)N标记的微区试验法研究了潮土-冬小麦系统中尿素的转化和化肥氮的去向。结果表明:土壤中尿素水解后,主要进行硝化和生物固定,而被粘土矿物固定的量很少;小麦返青后,随着气温上升,生物固定的标记氮不断分解,其量可达总生物固定量的60％。作为基肥条施的尿素,其损失略高于作返青肥或拔节肥表施后随即灌水的处理。氮素损失主要发生在春季气温回升后的生长期间,当季的淋洗损失极微。在较为适宜的用量和施用技术下,化肥氮的损失仍达33—45％,其中以碳酸氢铵为最高,次为硫酸铵和硝酸铵,而尿素和硝酸铵中的硝态氮损失最低。     

稻-麦轮作体系中有机氮与无机氮的去向研究

【目的】在中国多熟制农作生态系统条件下,农田中氮素的低有效度是阻碍作物高产和导致环境问题的重要因素。本项研究旨在跟踪稻麦轮作体系中化学氮肥与有机作物残茬(专指作物地上部秸秆)的氮素去向,为农田氮素的可持续管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计的田间多重复小区内设置15N同位素示踪微区的连续跟踪试验的方法。【结果】在施用化学氮肥的基础上无论作物残茬是取出还是还田,肥料对作物吸氮的贡献率为17.17%(16.55%—17.79%),而施用作物残茬的相应值为12.01%,即作物吸氮有82.83%或87.99%来源于土壤氮库。化学氮肥和作物残茬的作物氮素回收显示截然不同的模式:作物对化肥氮的回收呈现一次性特征,即施肥后第1季的氮回收量占到总回收氮量的92.04%,与之相应单施作物残茬区的第1季作物15N回收率为总回收率的38.03%。表明化肥氮绝大部分在第1季为作物回收,作物残茬氮则有较长的后效;第1季结束时,化学氮肥区和作物残茬区的土壤15N残留率分别为33.46%(两种残茬管理方式的平均值)和85.64%。残茬氮的土壤残留远远高于化肥氮的残留率;在第6季(化学氮肥区)或第5季(作物残茬区)结束时,化肥区与残茬区的作物+土壤的总15N回收率有显著差异(分别为64.38%和79.11%),而在施用化学氮肥的基础上加入或不加作物残茬对肥料氮的作物+土壤回收率则影响很小。【结论】化学肥料氮与作物残茬氮相比,前者对作物吸氮而言更为快速有效。而与之相反,作物残茬氮则对提高土壤供氮能力有更多贡献,因为作物残茬氮进入土壤有机质库的量高于化肥氮。为此,在农业生产中应实行化学氮肥与有机氮源的合理配合使用。     

土壤中有机肥源抗生素抗性基因环境归趋与风险管理研究进展

抗生素抗性基因——一类新型污染物,已对人类健康和环境安全构成威胁,如何有效应对日益严峻的耐药性危机已成为一项全球性挑战。有机肥源抗生素抗性基因是土壤抗生素抗性基因的主要来源,而土壤参与并主导不同环境单元中抗生素抗性基因演化的多元交互作用,因此,有必要厘清有机肥源抗生素抗性基因在土壤和其他环境介质中的命运、归趋与风险。本文综述了近年来有机肥源抗生素抗性基因在土壤中的分布特征、环境归趋、人体暴露风险以及风险管理方面的研究进展,并提出建议与展望,以期为有效减轻抗生素抗性基因在环境中的危害,遏制抗生素抗性基因的增殖与传播提供理论依据与决策参考。     

应用~(15)N对棉田生态系统中氮素的吸收利用和去向的研究

应用15N示踪方法 ,研究了棉田生态系统中N的吸收利用和去向。证明在等N ,P ,K条件下 ,沼肥与化肥配施有利于N向生殖器官转移 ,其增产效果比单施化肥显著 ;绿肥与化肥配施和单施化肥产量基本持平。各处理棉株对土壤N的依赖性都低于肥料N ,约占 3 7.4 4%～ 4 3 .66% ,但单施化肥高于有机肥与化肥配施。棉株营养器官累积土壤N的比例各处理都大于生殖器官 ,而累积的肥料N正好相反 ,说明棉株生育前期对土壤N的依赖性较高 ,而后期对肥料N的依赖性较高 ,为棉花生产重施花铃肥提供了依据。有机肥与化肥配施肥料N在土壤中的残留率为单施化肥 2 .5～ 3倍 ,而损失率后者为前者的 1 .4～ 1 .6倍 ,其生态效益差异十分显著。     

红壤地油菜上施用的尿素态氮的去向及尿素在提高油菜产量中的效率

Fate of urea nitrogen(N) applied to rape grown on a red soil was investigated by the 15N mass balance technique.and efficiency of urea and effect of nutrients balance in raising rape yield were investigated in a field plot experiment.One hundred and thirty -eight kg N/ha,86kg N/ha as basal dressing and 52 kg N/ha as top dressing,was applied with band application technique.The experiment was conducted in the southeast of china ,near Yingtan City,Jianxi Province.Results from 15N mass balance study showed that when urea urea was applied as basal dressing the plant recovery was 44.0% of the applied N for Treatment T (with application of N,P,K,B and lime),Plant recoveries were 38.0%-40.5% for Treatments-K,-B-lime and RS(without application of K,B or lime as well as with additional rice straw compared with Teatment T),which were not significantly different from Treatment T.In contrast ,plant recovery was only 5.1% for Treatment-P(without application of P), indicating that P was the factor limiting N uptake by rape.However,N remaining in 0-0.30 m soil was high up to 71.6% for Treatment-P,while the corresponding data were 33.0%-42.6% for the other treatments.The total recovery of applied N(including plant recovery and N remaining in 0-0.60 m soil) was 91.5% for Treatment T when urea was applied as basal dressing,while almost all the applied N was recovered when ureawas applied as top drssing,It was suggested that N loss was greatly controlled by using band application method in this experiment.Results from the field plot experiment field plot experiment showed that N supply capacity of this red soil was very low,and the efficiency of the applied N was quite high,7.1kg rape seed was increased by application of one kg N for Treatment T.Nitrogen and phosphorus were the key factors limiting rape yield,and the yield was very low when neither of them was applied.The yield in Treatment-K was significantly lower than that in Treatment T,With the former accounting for 77% of the later.     

Sustainable forest use in Brazilian extractive reserves: Natural regeneration of Brazil nut in exploited populations

The emergence of Brazilian extractive reserves reinforced the notion that sustainable forest use could play a central role in conservation. Brazil nut is considered a model non-timber product for promoting conservation through use. Demographic studies, however, have demonstrated differential impacts of nut harvest on Brazil nut population structure. Comparing three populations with different forest use histories, degrees of road access, and recent levels of nut harvest, we asked: (1) Are they exhibiting regeneration failure? and (2) Are seedling/sapling densities explained by adult Brazil nut structure, fruit fate and/or overall forest structure? We installed four 9-ha plots in each site to census Brazil nut trees ?10 cm dbh, and within each plot, 36 subplots (25 × 25 m each) to quantify regeneration, overall forest structure, and open and closed fruit counts. Approximately 29-55% of fruits was unharvested, and more than 90% of these was opened by scatterhoarding dispersers. Population structure approximated a reverse-J size class distribution, with seedling densities varying from 3.2 to 5.8 individuals ha⁻¹. We conclude that within the current harvest context, regeneration is sufficient for population persistence in our sites, at least over the medium term. The socioeconomics of sustainably managing Brazil nut is the greater challenge, involving interlinked competitive land uses, nut quality, and substantial increases in local income from harvest. Some of these challenges are being addressed in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, providing hope that this cornerstone extractive species will continue to play a prominent role in the ecological and economic landscape of Amazonia.