进口小麦中超标麦角的色选机剔除处理技术初探

通过色选机对进境小麦麦角超标进行加工处理,以剔除混在进境小麦中的麦角.结果显示:色选机可以剔除大部分麦角,使其含量降至国家标准以内.我们推荐参数(使用布勒-SORTEX B色选机时)为:小麦流量不超过设计产能80％,色选机初选异色剔除粒、疵点剔除粒分别设定为55％、50％,色选机复选异色剔除粒、疵点剔除粒分别设定为50...     

Early harvest and ensilage of forage sorghum infected with ergot (Claviceps africana) reduces the risk of livestock poisoning

Sorghum ergot produces dihydroergosine (DHES) and related alkaloids, which cause hyperthermia in cattle. Proportions of infected panicles (grain heads), leaves and stems were determined in two forage sorghum crops extensively infected 2 to 4 weeks prior to sampling and the panicles were assayed for DHES. Composite samples from each crop, plus a third grain variety crop, were coarsely chopped and half of each sealed in plastic buckets for 6 weeks to simulate ensilation. The worst-infected panicles contained up to 55 mg DHES/kg, but dilution reduced average concentrations of DHES in crops to approximately 1 mg/kg, a relatively safe level for cattle. Ensilation significantly (P = 0.043) reduced mean DHES concentrations from 0.85 to 0.46 mg/kg.     

麦角生物碱在醉马草内生真菌共生体中的空间分布

本研究检测了2007年9月采自新疆哈密(HM)、青海铁卜加(TBJ)、甘肃肃南(SN)、甘肃天祝(TZ)、甘肃夏河(XH)5个不同地理种群的醉马草内生真菌共生体的麦角生物碱含量,结果表明,醉马草种群内不同器官中麦角新碱及麦角酰胺含量均不同,且麦角新碱的含量均显著高于麦角酰胺的含量(P<0.05)。5个种群间麦角酰胺、麦角新碱及总生物碱的含量除叶鞘外,均以HM最高,分别为53.656,117.784和160.816mg/kg干重。相关性分析表明,植株叶片、茎秆和果穗麦角酰胺、麦角新碱及总生物碱的含量均与种群生长的年均温度呈正相关关系。     

Evaluation of sorghum germplasm used in US breeding programmes for sources of sugary disease resistance*

Ergot or sugary disease of sorghum has become an important constraint in North and South American countries that rely on F₁ hybrid seeds for high productivity. The objective of this research was to determine the vulnerability of various germplasm sources and publicly bred sorghum lines to sugary disease ( Claviceps africana ) in the United States. Flower characteristics associated with sugary disease resistance were also studied. A-/B-line pairs, R-lines, putative sources of resistance and their hybrid combinations with an A₃ cytoplasmic male-sterile source were evaluated using a disease incidence, severity, and dual-ranking system. Trials were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and repeated in at least two planting dates. Planting dates and pedigrees had significant effects on overall ranking for resistance. A-lines were most susceptible to sugary disease. R-lines were more susceptible than B-lines with respect to incidence and severity of the disease. Newer releases of A- and B-lines were more susceptible to sugary disease than older releases. Sugary disease reaction of A-lines was a good indicator of disease reaction of B-lines. Tx2737, a popular R-line, was highly susceptible to sugary disease in spite of being a good pollen shedder because the stigma emerged from glumes 2–3 days before anthesis. The combination of flower characteristics associated with resistance were least exposure time of stigma to inoculum before pollination, rapid stigma drying after pollination, and small stigma. An Ethiopian male-fertile germplasm accession, IS 8525, had good levels of resistance. Its A₃ male-sterile hybrid had the highest level of resistance in the male-sterile background. IS 8525 should be exploited in host-plant resistance strategies.     

Feeding sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) to sows before farrowing inhibits milk production

Objective To assess the impact of feeding different amounts of sorghum ergot to sows before farrowing. Design Fifty‐one pregnant sows from a continually farrowing piggery were sequentially inducted into the experiment each week in groups of four to seven, as they approached within 14 days of farrowing. Diets containing sorghum ergot sclerotia within the range of 0 (control) up to 1.5% w/w (1.5% ergot provided 7 mg alkaloids/kg, including 6 mg dihydroergosine/kg) were randomly allocated and individually fed to sows. Ergot concentrations were varied with each subsequent group until an acceptable level of tolerance was achieved. Diets with ergot were replaced with control diets after farrowing. Post‐farrowing milk production was assessed by direct palpation and observation of udders, and by piglet responses and growth. Blood samples were taken from sows on three days each week, for prolactin estimation. Results Three sows fed 1.5% ergot for 6 to 10 days preceding farrowing produced no milk, and 87% of their piglets died despite supplementary feeding of natural and artificial colostrums, milk replacer, and attempts to foster them onto normally lactating sows. Ergot inclusions of 0.6% to 1.2% caused lesser problems in milk release and neo‐natal piglet mortality. Of 23 sows fed either 0.3% or 0.6% ergot, lactation of only two first‐litter sows were affected. Ergot caused pronounced reductions in blood prolactin, and first‐litter sows had lower plasma prolactin than multiparous sows, increasing their susceptibility to ergot. Conclusion Sorghum ergot should not exceed 0.3% (1 mg alkaloid/kg) in diets of multiparous sows fed before farrowing, and should be limited to 0.1% for primiparous sows, or avoided completely.     

披碱草内生真菌共生体中麦角生物碱的组织分布与季节动态

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测了2009年4,6,8和10月采集的雾灵山、沁源、五台山和百望山等4个侵染了Neotyphodium属内生真菌的披碱草种群的叶片、茎、叶鞘和根以及10月采集的种子中2种麦角生物碱(麦角酰胺和麦角新碱)的含量。结果表明,在4,6和8月,4个披碱草种群的麦角酰胺主要分布在叶片(5.037~ 30.037 mg/kg)和叶鞘(6.259~22.255 mg/kg),10月,麦角酰胺主要集中在种子(5.045~8.971 mg/kg)和叶片(3.119~6.658 mg/kg);各种群的叶片、茎秆和叶鞘中麦角酰胺在4或6月含量(13.831~30.037 mg/kg)最高,8或10月含量(3.119~6.658 mg/kg)显著减小(P<0.05),根中8月麦角酰胺(0.552~0.576 mg/kg)显著低于其他月份(P<0.05)。麦角新碱含量的分布与麦角酰胺相似,4,6和8月主要分布于叶片(2.206~8.226 mg/kg)和叶鞘(0.268~5.490 mg/kg)中,10月主要集中于种子(1.647~5.664 mg/kg)和叶片(1.353~2.251 mg/kg)中;各种群的叶片、茎秆和叶鞘中麦角新碱在4或6月(5.102~8.226 mg/kg)最高,8或10月含量(1.353~2.251 mg/kg)显著减小(P<0.05),根中麦角新碱在8月含量(0.128~0.283 mg/kg)低于其他月份。不同生长时期,4个披碱草种群整株中麦角酰胺和麦角新碱的含量均不同。麦角生物碱的总含量中麦角酰胺显著高于麦角新碱(P<0.05),麦角酰胺和麦角新碱呈极显著线性正相关(P<0.01)关系,相关系数为r=0.827。     

部分禾本科植物麦角病的发生及其病原真菌的特征

侵染禾本科植物的麦角菌Claviceps sp.不但会引发植物的麦角病造成作物减产,还会引起人和牲畜的中毒。在新疆中部和青海东部部分地区,发现牲畜喜食的3族5属的牧草发生了麦角病,局部地区发病率高达65%,病株上还有瓢虫、丽蝇以及蚂蚁等昆虫活动。研究从5属6种禾本科发病植物上获得了18个分离菌株,观察了分离菌株的菌落形态和生长速度、孢子形态和大小等特征。这些培养特征及形态特征和麦角菌属真菌的无性世代麦角蜜孢霉属Sphacelia真菌类似。通过研究这些分离菌株对农药的敏感性,发现多菌灵对该菌有明显的抑制作用。禾本科植物的麦角病在旅游区－牧区大范围地发生值得注意。     

Endophytic fungi and ergot alkaloids in native Turkish grasses

Mature inflorescences of 76 samples of ten genera of native grasses were collected in the Ankara province of Turkey. Microscopic examination of individual seeds revealed the presence of endophytic fungi in four seed samples, The endophytes were isolated in pure culture and identified. Seeds were also ground and subjected to ELISA and HPLC analyses to confirm the levels of ergot alkaloids typically produced by endophytic fungi of grasses.     

Evaluation of potential biocontrol agents against Claviceps africana in vitro and in vivo

Undiluted culture filtrates of two commercial products of Trichoderma spp., Trichopel and Trichoflow, and two isolates of Penicillium citrinum completely inhibited the conidial germination of macroconidia of Claviceps africana , the cause of ergot or sugary disease of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) in vitro . Similarly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia completely inhibited macroconidial germination, with the former being more effective at high dilutions. In contrast, these bacterial isolates failed to inhibit infection in vivo in glasshouse tests with ergot-inoculated sorghum, but all fungal biocontrol agents (including an isolate of Epicoccum nigrum ) reduced the severity of disease (percentage of infected spikelets per panicle), in some cases completely inhibiting the development of ergot. In a second glasshouse trial, optimum control was achieved when the biocontrol agents were applied 3–7 days before inoculation with conidia of C. africana .