山东半岛与辽东半岛蚯蚓生物多样性研究

于2009年在我国的山东半岛和辽东半岛地区采用挖掘法对这些地区不同类型生境采集到的蚯蚓的生物多样性进行了系统调查。野外采集到的蚯蚓置于潮湿土壤带回驻地,在采集当日用70%酒精处死,保存于95%酒精以备研究。部分形态分类特征明显的蚯蚓个体作为模式标本保存于10%福尔马林溶液。本研究据此提供了该地区最新的蚯蚓资源名录。在山东半岛发现陆栖蚯蚓3科6属13种,以巨蚓科(占种类总数的39%)、正蚓科(占种类总数的39%)为主;在辽东半岛调查共发现3科7属16种,以正蚓科(占种类总数的44%)、巨蚓科(占种类总数的31%)为主。作为蠕虫养殖业中的赤子爱胜蚓,在野外环境中也有分布。     

基于CiteSpace的土壤养分-蚯蚓研究的知识图谱分析

土壤是人类赖以生存和社会发展的重要基础资源,是自然生态系统中的重要组成部分。对土壤养分以及土壤生物的相关研究具有重要的理论基础意义,相关研究也越来越多,但缺少系统的文献梳理,对研究领域的发展趋势及热点演变特征认识不足。基于文献计量学软件CiteSpace及CNKI数据库的文献数据,对文献的发文量、作者群、发文机构、关键词及突现等进行聚类可视化分析。结果表明,从2001年开始发表以土壤养分与土壤动物相关关系为研究对象的论文,且发文量随时间推移每年均有所增加,至2016年该研究领域的论文发文量保持相对稳定。研究机构以高校为主,主要包括南京农业大学、中国科学院大学、中国农业大学和中国科学院南京土壤研究所等;近20年的土壤养分-蚯蚓研究中土壤质量和群落结构这2个关键词是2001—2021年最具有突发性的研究热点,从2020年开始对土壤健康的研究是一个新方向。     

蚯蚓扰动作用对原位污染土壤Cd、Cu、Zn全量和有效性变化的影响及其富集规律

针对我国土壤重金属污染严重问题,选取河北省保定市周边地区持续重金属污染的原位土壤与赤子爱胜蚓为研究对象,采用实地采样与室内培养相结合的方式,研究蚯蚓扰动作用对土壤重金属Cd、Cu和Zn全量与有效性变化的影响及蚯蚓对重金属的富集规律。主要结果如下,蚯蚓在供试土壤(清洁土与3种原污土)中培养至第14天时,不同供试土壤全量Cd、Cu和Zn含量较培养前均呈下降趋势,其中土壤全量Cd含量分别降低了40.48%、9.90%、0.89%和6.15%;土壤全量Cu含量分别降低了3.16%、8.16%、4.34%和7.74%;土壤全量Zn含量分别下降了2.27%、3.53%、3.34%和4.84%。供试土壤DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量较培养前呈升高趋势,DTPA-Cd含量分别增加了29.41%、16.54%、14.33%和0.51%;DTPA-Cu含量分别增加了10.51%、1.26%、12.28%和5.30%;DTPA-Zn含量分别增加了44.99%、9.62%、7.97%和0.18%。另外,不同污染土壤下随培养时间的延长,蚯蚓体内Cd、Cu和Zn含量总体呈上升趋势。蚯蚓对Cd、...     

Impacts of wetting-drying cycles on short-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Amynthas earthworm casts

Effects of earthworm casts on soil nutrient dynamics and their responses to changing moisture availability in subtropical ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine short-term carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) dynamics and their interactions with wetting-drying cycles in three different structural forms(i.e., granular, globular, and heap-like) of Amynthas earthworm casts. The rates of C and N mineralization in the earthworm casts were examined under two different wetting-drying cycles(i.e., 2-d and 4-d wetting intervals) using a rainfall simulation experiment. After three simulated rainfall events, subsamples of the earthworm casts were further incubated for 4 d for the determination of CO_2 and N_2O fluxes. The results of this study indicated that the impacts of wetting-drying cycles on the short-term C and N dynamics were highly variable among the three cast forms, but wetting-drying cycles significantly reduced the cumulative CO_2 and N_2O fluxes by 62%–83% and 57%–85%, respectively, when compared to the control without being subjected to any rainfall events. The C mineralization rates in different cast forms were affected by the amount of organic substrates and N content in casts, which were associated with the food preference and selection of earthworms. Meanwhile, the cumulative N_2O fluxes did not differ among the three cast forms. Repeated wetting and drying of casts not only enhanced aggregate stability by promoting bonds between the cast particles, but also inhibited microbial survival and growth during the prolonged drying period, which together hindered decomposition and denitrification. Our findings demonstrated that the interactions between the structural forms, aggregate dynamics, and C and N cycling in the earthworm casts were highly complex.     

Roughness of biopores and cracks in Bt‐horizons assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy

In structured soils, water and reactive solutes can preferentially move through larger inter‐aggregate pores, cracks, and biopores. The surface roughness of such macropores is crucial for describing microbial habitats and the exchange of water and solutes between macropores and the soil matrix together with other properties. The objective of this study was to compare the roughness of intact structural surfaces from the Bt‐horizons of five Luvisols developed on loess and glacial till and to test the applicability of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Samples of 5 to 10 cm edge length with intact structural surfaces including cracks with and without clay‐organic coatings, earthworm burrow walls, and root channels were prepared manually. The surface roughness of these structures was determined with a confocal laser scanning microscope of the type Keyence VK‐X100K. The root‐mean‐squared roughness (R_q) the curvature (R_cu) and the ratio between surface area and base area (R_A) were calculated from selected surface regions of interest of 0.342 mm² with an elevation resolution of 0.02 µm. The roughness was smaller for coated as compared to uncoated cracks and earthworm burrows of the Bt‐horizons. This reduction of roughness by the illuviation of clayey material was similar for the structural surfaces of the coarser textured till‐Bt and the finer‐textured loess‐Bt. This similarity suggested a dominant effect of pedogenesis and a minor effect of the parent material on the roughness levels of structural surfaces in the Bt‐horizons. An expected “smoothing” effect of burrow wall surfaces by earthworm activity was not reflected in the roughness values compared to those of uncoated cracks at the chosen spatial scale. However, for root channel walls from one loess‐Bt, the roughness was reduced as compared to that of other structures. These results suggest that the surface roughness of the structural surface types should separately be considered when describing preferential flow and macropore‐matrix exchange or analysing root growth, microbial habitats, and colloidal transport in structured soils. The confocal laser scanning microscopy technique was found useful for characterizing the roughness of intact structural surfaces.     

植物废弃物饲养蚯蚓的试验研究

采用室内盆养方法研究了利用人工养殖蚯蚓的方法处理闽南地区废弃的香蕉假茎叶和菠萝加工皮渣。结果表明, 以香蕉假茎叶直接调配成的腐熟料不利于蚯蚓的生长, 而菠萝皮渣腐熟料对蚯蚓生长无不良影响; 香蕉假茎叶经过浸水处理2 d 后, 与菠萝皮渣或蘑菇废菌料按照一定的比例混合腐熟, 蚯蚓在其中的4 种混合饵料上生长良好, 日增重倍数为0.433～0.570, 均显著高于CK; 母蚓在香蕉假茎叶、菠萝皮渣、蘑菇废菌料以及牛粪的混合腐熟料上的产卵数平均为43.67 粒/条。     

蚯蚓（Eiseniafetida）细胞色素P450及抗氧化酶系对环境浓度苯并（a）芘的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eiseniafetida）为供试生物,草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以蚯蚓微粒体细胞色素P450含量、抗氧化酶系以及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性为指标,进行了土壤中苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]暴露与酶活性的量-效关系研究。结果表明,在接近沈抚灌区实地污染状况B（a）P（0．1～2．0mg·kg-1）暴露下,第1、3、7以及第14d取样时,P450和SOD有较好的响应：SOD在第1、3d显著升高,而在第7、14d时降低;P450总体表现为低浓度B（a）P诱导下降低,高浓度下升高的趋势。CAT、POD以及GST的敏感性相对较差。比照其他4个指标,蚯蚓P450的敏感性更为优异,具有较好的应用前景。指标敏感性总体表现为：P450〉SOD〉CAT／POD〉GST。     

蚯蚓对金霉素污染土壤酶活性和微生物群落的影响

为探究蚯蚓对抗生素污染土壤酶活性和微生物群落的影响,选取金霉素为目标污染物,威廉环毛蚓（内层种）和赤子爱胜蚓（表层种）为实验生物,通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法、土壤酶试剂盒（微板法）、高通量测序技术和冗余分析对土壤中金霉素残留、酶活性和微生物群落进行了测定与分析。结果表明：经过28 d的培养,蚯蚓处理组中金霉素浓度（0.022 4~1.006 0 mg·kg^-1）显著低于对照组土壤（0.033 5~1.585 0 mg·kg^-1）。金霉素抑制了土壤脱氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,激活了过氧化氢酶的活性。两种蚯蚓均激活了土壤脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性,最大激活率分别为77.80%~88.50%、4.00%~6.16%、69.20%~72.60%、43.20%~48.80%;碱性磷酸酶的活性受到抑制,最大抑制率为23.8%~25.0%。高通量测序结果表明两种生态型蚯蚓均可改变土壤中细菌群落结构,不同蚯蚓类型对细菌群落结构的影响存在有差异。两种蚯蚓的加入均未改变土壤中优势菌门的组成,但都改变了其丰度占比。在属水平上,Flavobacterium、Aeromonas、Luteolibacter、Adhaeribacter和Pseudomonas等潜在金霉素降解菌被两种蚯蚓刺激丰度显著增加,加速了土壤中金霉素的降解。冗余分析结果表明,土壤中pH、有机质含量、金霉素浓度和细菌群落结构是影响土壤酶活性变化的重要因子。研究表明,威廉环毛蚓对脱氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶的促进作用优于赤子爱胜蚓。     

三种兽药对蚯蚓的急性毒性试验

用滤纸接触法、人工土壤法和自然土壤法3种方法研究了洛克沙胂、氯霉素和磺胺二甲嘧啶3种兽药对安德爱胜蚓(EiseniaAndrei)的急性毒性。结果表明,用滤纸接触法测得的3种兽药对蚯蚓的LC50分别为:洛克沙胂5.50g·kg-1、氯霉素5.40g·kg-1、磺胺二甲嘧啶13.32g·kg-1;用人工土壤法测得的3种兽药对蚯蚓的LC50分别为:洛克沙胂3.23g·kg-1土壤、氯霉素1.67g·kg-1土壤、磺胺二甲嘧啶4.68g·kg-1土壤;用自然土壤法测得的三种兽药对蚯蚓的LC50分别为:洛克沙胂3.45g·kg-1土壤、氯霉素2.44g·kg-1土壤、磺胺二甲嘧啶5.33g·kg-1土壤。3种兽药对蚯蚓的急性毒性都较低。     

不同氮肥水平下蚯蚓粪施用对水稻生长特性及产量的影响

以两优培九为材料,采用大田微区试验,研究不同氮肥水平(N1,9 g/m~2;N2,12 g/m~2;N3,15 g/m~2)下不同蚯蚓粪施用量(EC0,0;EC_1,16.88 kg/m~2;EC_2,33.76 kg/m~2)对水稻生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明,移栽40 d后EC_2和EC_1处理的茎蘖数均显著高于EC0(P0.05);幼穗分化期和乳熟期EC0处理的SPAD值均显著低于EC_1和EC_2处理(P0.05);齐穗期EC0处理的叶面积指数分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低32.7%和80.7%,地上部总干物质量分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低30.6%和59.8%;成熟期有效穗数、地上部干物质量和水稻产量均表现为EC_2EC_1EC0,EC_2和EC_1处理的有效穗数分别比EC0处理多41.5%和21.3%、地上部干物质量分别比EC0处理高47.7%和25.8%、产量分别比EC0处理高35.4%和34.3%。由此可见,施用蚯蚓粪便可促进水稻分蘖,提高水稻叶面积、SPAD值和地上部干物质量,进而提高水稻籽粒产量。