Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil

Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg^?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.     

Influence of the physical and chemical properties of soil on the retention process of isoxaflutole and its two main derivatives

Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient K_fa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules.     

镉在针铁矿、针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中吸附解吸行为比较研究

采用批平衡试验法,比较研究了重金属镉在针铁矿和针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中的吸附热力学和动力学行为。结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,两种吸附剂对Cd2＋的等温吸附特征均可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Linear方程加以描述。其中以Langmuir方程的拟合效果最佳,线性相关系数为：0.991、0.999,由此推导出的最大吸附量分别为41.667和45.455mg·g^-1,表明腐植酸与针铁矿复合胶体较单一针铁矿的吸附力有所提高,且所吸附的镉均难以解吸,平均解吸率分别为5.871%和1.068%。胶体对Cd^2＋的吸附是一个快速反应过程,4h达到吸附平衡。Elovich方程是拟合吸附动力学过程的最优方程（相关系数分别为0.987和0.997）。通过计算镉在针铁矿和针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中的吸附自由能变化量（ΔG的绝对值均〈40kJ·mol^-1）,推测镉在两种胶体中的吸附为物理吸附过程,其吸附机理可能有氢键、偶极作用力和范德华力等作用,而不存在化学键合作用。     

天然土壤中典型多溴联苯醚解吸过程的初步研究

选择5种有机质含量不同的天然土壤,采用批量实验方法考察典型多溴联苯醚8DE47的解吸行为,并尝试利用非线性Freundlich模型和线性模型模拟不同初试浓度条件下BDE47的土壤解吸过程。针对较为显著的器壁吸附影像,所有检测数据均进行器壁吸附定量修正。结果表明,BDE47土壤解吸过程总体分为初始的快解吸和后续的慢解吸两个阶段。在初始阶段,BDE47解吸过程表现为线性行为,但非线性特征随解吸时间延长呈现增强趋势。土壤有机质（用TOC表征）释放的溶解有机质是影响土壤中BDE47解吸行为差异的主要因素之一。     

萘和p,p′-DDE在典型包气带介质上的吸附动力学及吸附-解吸特征

选取3种典型包气带土壤为吸附剂,萘和p,p′-DDE为吸附质,研究了其吸附动力学特征及吸附解吸规律。实验结果显示,初始浓度越大,吸附到达平衡所需时间就越短。数据拟合结果表明,单一级次的动力学方程难以描述两种吸附质的吸附动力学特征,分析认为土壤对有机污染物的吸附过程不是单一反应,而是有机污染物在无机矿物、无定型有机碳和凝聚型有机碳上同时进行吸附反应的复合结果。萘与p,p′-DDE的吸附、解吸过程均表现出非线性,Freundlich方程的吸附指数n在不同程度上偏离1;两种污染物在土样中的吸附过程不完全可逆,Kow、初始浓度以及土壤有机碳含量（fo）c的差异都影响其在土壤不同组分上的吸附百分比,进而影响解吸率。萘更多地吸附在无机矿物表面及无定型有机碳上,随着初始浓度的增大（37.7~780.9μg.L-1）,解吸率可从10%左右增至近85%;而当初始浓度为37.7μg.L-1时,随foc的增大（0.01%~0.65%）,解吸率由12.39%降至3.90%。p,p′-DDE则更多地吸附在凝聚型有机碳上,解吸率随浓度的变化（11.0~275.1μg.L-1）仅在1%~5%内波动,当初始浓度为11.0μg.L-1时,解吸率随foc的增大由4.49%降至1.06%。两者解吸率都和foc呈负相关关系。     

紫色土可溶性有机碳的吸附-解吸特征

选择代表性的酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土为实验材料,采用平衡吸附和动力学吸附法研究了紫色土对可溶性有机碳（DOC）的吸附-解吸特征,分析了土壤理化性质与DOC吸附量之间的关系。结果表明,紫色土对DOC的吸附容量呈以下顺序：酸性紫色土〉中性紫色土〉石灰性紫色土。石灰性紫色土对DOC的解吸率明显高于酸性、中性紫色土,其迁移淋失问题值得重视。紫色土对DOC的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附2个阶段,0~0.5 h内吸附速率最大,随后吸附速率逐渐减小,4~6 h内基本达到吸附平衡。土壤pH值、有机质、粘粒和活性铁铝氧化物含量是影响土壤DOC吸附量与解吸率的重要因素。通径分析表明,土壤理化性质对DOC吸附量的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铝含量〉土壤pH值〉有机质,对DOC解吸率的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铁含量〉粘粒〉有机质。多元线性回归模型能较好地预测土壤对DOC的吸附及解吸的变化。     

氧化还原条件下红壤磷吸附与解吸特性及需磷量探讨

研究了5个酸性红壤由氧化条件转为还原条件的P吸附和解吸特性,以及确定供试红壤作为水田或旱地相应的施P量。结果表明:5个土样P吸附量随P液浓度的增加而增加,土壤对P的吸附曲线均可用Langmuir方程拟合,氧化条件下P最大吸附量变化范围为794.22～956.75mg/kg,还原条件下P最大吸附量变化范围为867.31～1195.62mg/kg。P解吸量随P吸附量的增加而增加,P解吸率的结果表明,淹水不同程度地降低土壤P解吸量。以Langmuir方程计算土壤溶液中P浓度在0.2mg/kg时的土壤需P量作为施P量的依据,淹水后土壤标准需P量增加。     

水钠锰矿对Cr(Ⅲ)离子的吸附解吸及氧化行为

采取等温吸附热力学方法,探讨了锰氧化合物(水钠锰矿)对Cr(Ⅲ)离子的吸附解吸和氧化特征及温度、pH等因素对其影响。研究结果表明,随着Cr(Ⅲ)初始加入量的增加,总铬吸附量逐渐增大,用Langmuir方程可以很好地描述吸附等温线数据;达到反应平衡时,水钠锰矿对Cr(Ⅲ)离子的氧化量与加入初始Cr(Ⅲ)的浓度呈极显著线性正相关,而水钠锰矿对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化率,随初始Cr(Ⅲ)浓度增加而减小;温度是影响水钠锰矿对Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附和氧化的重要因素,35℃时的吸附量显著低于25℃时的吸附量,而35℃时的氧化量、氧化率明显高于25℃时的氧化量、氧化率,表明升温对吸附反应不利,而对氧化反应有利;溶液酸度对于Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附和氧化有着不同的影响,随着pH的升高,Cr(Ⅲ)离子氧化量、氧化率增大,然而,水钠锰矿对总Cr的吸附量则随着pH的升高而减小,表明pH的升高有利于氧化反应,而对吸附反应不利。     

长期施肥对红壤磷组分及活性酸的影响

以12年的红壤长期肥力监测定位试验不同处理土壤为材料,研究了连续施肥对土壤磷组分、土壤对磷吸附解吸、土壤活性酸铝的影响。连续施用化学磷肥和化肥加有机肥,均可提高土壤全磷、无机磷数量。施用有机肥料,土壤中的磷以Ca-P和Al-P积累为主要表现形式,化学磷肥的施用能够提高土壤的全磷,并以Al-P增幅为最大,在所有处理中均表现为土壤O-P相对稳定。有机肥料处理土壤对外源磷的吸附强度明显少于施用化学磷肥和不施用磷肥的处理,有机肥料能够显著提高吸附磷的再利用,在NPKM处理中解吸磷占吸附磷的47.72%,M处理中占42.89%,其它处理中解吸磷占吸附磷数量一般少于8%。MNPK、M处理的PFI为2.51、2.69比N、NP处理4.53、4.37明显降低。在红壤旱地长期施用化学肥料,土壤交换性酸铝成倍增加,土壤酸化严重;施用有机肥料、有机肥料与化学肥料配合施用,土壤交换酸铝表现稳定。     

乙烯脱除剂处理对杏果实常温贮藏品质的影响

以新疆库买提杏果实为试材,研究了常温（25℃）条件下乙烯脱除剂处理对杏果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,乙烯脱除剂处理可有效降低杏果实贮藏前期的呼吸及乙烯释放速率,减缓细胞膜透性、MDA的上升及VC含量的下降速度,减少贮藏期内营养物质的消耗,延长杏果实的贮藏保鲜期,但贮藏5天后效果不明显。