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1.
Field calibrations for a neutron probe and a capacitance sensor (Diviner 2000) for measuring the soil water content of a shrinking–swelling clay soil were substantially different from commonly used default values. Using our field calibrations, the two instruments estimated similar changes in the cumulative water content of a soil profile (0–1 m depth) over one growing season. 相似文献
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Pedotransfer functions to assess adsorbed phosphate using iron oxide content and magnetic susceptibility in an Oxisol
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L. A. Camargo J. Marques Jr. G. T. Pereira L. R. F. Alleoni A. S. R. de S. Bahia D. De B. Teixeira 《Soil Use and Management》2016,32(2):172-182
Adsorbed phosphate in soils can be chemically extracted; however, this process is both time‐consuming and not cost‐effective if large numbers of samples have to be analysed. Indirect assessment of adsorbed phosphate by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can help optimize fertilizer strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of adsorbed phosphate (Pads), iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in oxisols and to calibrate PTFs to predict Pads. A total of 308 soil samples were collected from Hapludox and Eutrudox soils formed from sandstone in Brazil. The contents of clay (196–607 g/kg), iron oxides (40–165 g/kg), MS (1.2–29 × 10?6 m3/kg) and Pads (327–842 mg/kg) were in the range of typical values for these highly weathered soils. This study showed that the attributes studied were spatially dependent. Geomorphic surfaces enabled understanding of spatial variability and helped to develop a more efficient sampling scheme to calibrate PTFs. Moreover, the adsorbed phosphate in these oxisols could be predicted by a PTF using iron oxides and MS as predictors. The MS attribute enabled the most accurate prediction (concordance coefficient = 0.95, root‐mean‐square error = 46 mg/kg and relative improvement in root‐mean‐square error = ?4.12) of spatial variability through PTF compared to other predictors. 相似文献
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以美国种质资源库(NPGS)提供的541份箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)种质为基础,经过连续3年裂荚率评价,共筛选出高、中、低裂荚种质33份。以这33份箭筈豌豆种质作为本研究的试验材料,利用艾德堡HP-50数显推拉力计结合裂荚率对箭筈豌豆荚果水平放置时的裂荚机械力和垂直放置时的裂荚机械力进行分析,为选育箭筈豌豆抗裂荚种质提供精确、快速的评价方法。结果显示,1)箭筈豌豆高裂荚种质荚果裂荚机械力极显著低于低裂荚种质荚果裂荚机械力(P0.01)。2)箭筈豌豆荚果水平放置时的裂荚机械力极显著低于垂直放置时的裂荚机械力(P0.01)。3)箭筈豌豆荚果在水平放置下裂荚机械力大于9.286N的为低裂荚种质,裂荚机械力小于2.163N的为高裂荚种质。研究表明,利用推拉力计测试水平放置的箭筈豌豆荚果裂荚机械力可准确反映箭筈豌豆不同种质的裂荚特性,并为箭筈豌豆裂荚特性的标准化测定提供了重要的参考依据。 相似文献
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Abstract – In natural systems, prey frequently interact with multiple predators and the outcome often cannot be predicted by summing the effects of individual predator species. Multiple predator interactions can create emergent effects for prey, but how those change across environmental gradients is poorly understood. Turbidity is an environmental factor in aquatic systems that may influence multiple predator effects on prey. Interactions between a cruising predator (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) and an ambush predator (muskellunge Esox masquinongy) and their combination foraging on a shared prey (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) were examined across a turbidity gradient. Turbidity modified multiple predator effects on prey. In clear water, combined predators consumed in total more prey than expected from individual predator treatments, suggesting risk enhancement for prey. In moderately turbid water, the predators consumed fewer prey together than expected, suggesting a risk reduction for prey. At high turbidity, there were no apparent emergent effects; however, the cruising predator consumed more prey than the ambush predator, suggesting an advantage for this predator. Understanding multiple predator traits across a gradient of turbidity increases our understanding of how complex natural systems function. 相似文献
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The mechanism of shrinkage cracking is discussed with a simple member, which is fully restrained and subjected only to an axial restraining force caused by shrinkage, while a simple procedure is presented for the determination of the number and spacing of the cracks and the average crack width. With the simple model, some examples are shown to compare the provisions for minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in GB 50010-2002 Code, ACI 318-02 Code and AS 3600-1988 Code. The results show that the provisions in GB 50010-2002 Code are too weak in comparison with the others. Finally, some recommendations are proposed. 相似文献
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Infiltration characteristics for border strip irrigation at two sites with swelling clay soils were examined. Volume infiltrated was calculated from flow onto the field monitored with flow meters; depth of water in the soil estimated from soil samples taken before and after irrigation; and the advance profile which was used to calculate the volume infiltrated with time. Volume infiltrated was compared with volume of cracks before irrigation.Linear advance and observed crack closing supported the hypothesis that infiltration approached zero after about 10 min. Volume of cracks was less than 20% of the volume infiltrated. Wetting front was 3–10 times greater than depth of observed surface cracks. There was no significant correlation between intake opportunity time and depth of infiltration, but elevation irregularities were related to infiltration. 相似文献
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国内多座深厚覆盖层上兴建的高心墙土石坝坝顶均出现不同程度的开裂,对坝体的长期安全稳定构成威胁,受到业内广泛关注。通过地质雷达、高密度电法等物探技术确定某高心墙堆石坝顶裂缝时空分布情况,根据变形实测资料分析了其变形破坏特征,并结合工程建设情况、结构特征、运行情况等对开裂原因进行分析。结果表明坝顶裂缝产生的根本原因是土体承受的应力超过其抗拉强度或抗剪强度后而发生的破坏,直接原因为坝顶的不均匀沉降,其中水荷载、湿化变形、蓄水速度、坝顶材料特性是坝顶不均匀沉降的关键影响因素。 相似文献