土壤剖面胶体中铁氧化物及其厌氧还原特征研究

采用自由沉降法分离提取玄武岩赤红壤不同剖面深度的土壤胶体,分析其基本特征,并通过厌氧培养试验测试不同剖面土壤胶体中铁氧化物的厌氧还原特征。化学分析结果表明,土壤胶体中铁的游离度表现出A层>B1层>AB层的趋势,铁的活化度则随剖面深度的增加而降低,XRD、FTIR的表征结果显示,玄武岩赤红壤胶体中铁氧化物主要是结晶较差的赤铁矿和针铁矿。培养试验结果表明,不同剖面深度的土壤胶体厌氧培养过程中,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度均表现出不断增大的趋势,A层土壤胶体铁氧化物易被还原且累积量较高,可达(0.104±0.003)mg/g土。Fe(Ⅱ)的最大累积量随着土壤胶体中无定形铁的含量和铁的活化度的增加而增加,其速率常数与土壤有机质含量有一定的正相关关系。     

Soil Colloidal P Release Potentials under Various Polyacrylamide Addition Levels

Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) can prevent soil erosion, but its effect on fine particulate phosphorus (P), such as colloidal P, has not been thoroughly examined. The effects of PAM on the release potentials of water‐dispersible colloids (WDC) and total P, molybdenum‐reactive P (MRP), and molybdenum‐unreactive P (MUP) in the colloidal and truly dissolved phases (i.e., TP_coll, MRP_coll, MUP_coll, TP_truly, MRP_truly, and MUP_truly) from six soils across South China were tested in this study. The results showed that the release potentials of TP_coll in the control treatments were 6·9–46·1 mg kg⁻¹ and generally highest in sandy loam soil. Following low (12·5 kg ha⁻¹), middle (25 kg ha⁻¹), and high (50 kg ha⁻¹) levels of PAM application, the release potential of TP_coll decreased by 41·7, 63·2, and 77·4% compared to the control group, respectively. Additionally, PAM may trigger MRP_coll and TP_truly releases in sandy loam and/or silt soils, and for most soils, MRP_truly and MUP_truly showed the highest release potentials at middle or high PAM levels. A significant PAM application level by soil site interaction for the release potentials of WDC and colloidal P was observed. Multiple linear regression showed that the PAM rate combined with soil sand content can successfully predict the release potentials of WDC (R² = 0·552, p  < 0·001) and TP_coll (R² = 0·738, p  < 0·001). Our results suggest that PAM can effectively reduce the loss of soil colloids and colloidal P, while its effects are related to both application level and soil texture. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冻融作用对土壤胶体及胶体结合态铅迁移的影响

以东北地区棕壤为研究对象,通过人工控温和土柱淋洗试验,研究了不同冻融处理下铅污染土柱中土壤胶体和胶体结合态铅的迁移特征。结果表明:土壤高含水量(田间持水量100%)条件下冻融作用促进土壤胶体的迁移;土壤低含水量(田间持水量10%)条件下冻融作用对土壤胶体的影响减弱。淋洗试验中,土壤胶体在前20 min内大量淋失出土体,随后淋失量急剧减少;且前20 min内的土壤胶体淋失量随着冻融次数的增加先增加后减少。污染土柱中铅主要以胶体结合态的形式迁移,其迁移特征和受冻融作用影响的趋势与土壤胶体类似。冻融处理后滞留在土柱深层的铅含量较高,表明冻融作用能够促进铅向深层土壤迁移。     

腐植酸和Cd2+对黏土胶粒在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响

为探究地下水中腐植酸(HA)和Cd~(2+)复合污染物对黏土胶粒在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响,本文选择蒙脱石和高岭石两种黏土胶粒作为研究对象,采用同步注射柱实验,在饱和石英砂柱中分别同步注射黏土胶粒与腐植酸、Cd~(2+)或腐植酸+Cd~(2+)混合液,来研究腐植酸和Cd~(2+)与黏土胶粒的共迁移。结果显示:高岭石在石英砂柱中的沉降速度依次为:无Cd~(2+)无腐植酸(3.72 min-1)仅有Cd~(2+)(2.82 min-1)Cd~(2+)与腐植酸共存(2.01 min-1)仅有腐植酸(0.46 min-1);蒙脱石在石英砂柱中的沉降速度依次为:无Cd~(2+)无腐植酸(1.02 min-1)仅有Cd~(2+)(0.97 min-1)Cd~(2+)与腐植酸共存(0.85 min-1)仅有腐植酸(0.30 min-1)。研究结果表明,腐植酸和Cd~(2+)对蒙脱石和高岭石胶粒的迁移效果比较一致,它们均能促进两种黏土胶粒的迁移,促进作用腐植酸最强而Cd~(2+)较弱;腐植酸和Cd~(2+)之间存在拮抗作用,即二者的加合作用反而小于腐植酸单独作用。通过对黏土胶粒的粒径和Zeta电位进行测试分析,可推测腐植酸和Cd~(2+)是通过不同的机理来促进黏土胶粒的迁移:腐植酸通过改变黏土胶粒表面的电性来抑制黏土胶粒的沉降,而Cd~(2+)通过促使黏土胶粒聚凝来降低其沉降。这些发现有助于更好地理解天然土壤胶粒在环境中的迁移和浓度分布。     

Evaluation of biomarkers of kidney injury following 4% succinylated gelatin and 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 administration in a canine hemorrhagic shock model

Objective : To investigate the association between synthetic colloids and biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs with hemorrhagic shock. Design : Experimental interventional study. Setting : University. Animals : Twenty‐four healthy ex‐racing Greyhounds. Interventions : Anesthetized Greyhounds subjected to hemorrhage for 60 min were resuscitated with 20 mL/kg of fresh whole blood (FWB), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, 4% succinylated gelatin (GELO), or 80 mL/kg of isotonic crystalloid (CRYST) over 20 min (n = 6 per treatment). Concentrations of biomarkers of AKI were measured at baseline, end of hemorrhage, and at 40 (T60), 100 (T120), and 160 (T180) min after fluid bolus. Biomarkers included neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin in urine and serum (uNGAL; sNGAL), and urine cystatin C (uCYSC), kidney injury molecule‐1 (uKIM), clusterin (uCLUST), osteopontin, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (uMCP), interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, protein (uPROT), hyaluronan, and F₂‐isoprostanes. Renal histology was scored for tubular injury and microvesiculation. Biomarker fold‐change from baseline was compared between groups using mixed effects models (Bonferroni–Holm corrected P<0.05). Frequencies of histology scores were compared by Fisher's exact test. Measurements and main results : In dogs treated with GELO, uNGAL fold‐change was markedly greater compared with all other groups at T60, T120, and T180 (all P<0.001), and uCYSC was greater at T60 compared with CRYST (P<0.001), and at T120 and T180 compared with all other groups (all P<0.001). Smaller, albeit significant, between‐group differences in uKIM, uCLUST, uMCP, and urine protein concentration were observed across the FWB, GELO, and HES groups, compared with CRYST. The GELO group more frequently had marked tubular microvesiculation than the other groups (P = 0.015) although tubular injury scores were comparable. Conclusion : In dogs with hemorrhagic shock, GELO was associated with greater magnitude increases in urine biomarkers of AKI and more frequent marked tubular microvesiculation, compared with FWB, CRYST, and HES.     

Kinetics of the release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from air‐dried and pre‐moistened soil material

In this study, the kinetics of soil organic matter (SOM) dissolution from soil samples in different states of moisture was investigated, using a continuous extraction method. The investigation distinguished three processes of SOM dissolution. They include an initial, fast process (probably hydrophilic dissolved organic matter) and two slow, rate limited processes, which probably correspond to hydrophobic dissolved organic matter (DOM). The second process indicates a slow, continuous release of DOM, whereas the third process is determined by a power law. The rate of the third process strongly depends on temperature and state of moisture. It is diffusion limited, with the diffusion control probably being located in the solid soil organic matter. This was explained by a gel structure, which slowly forms in the hydrating SOM and allows diffusion of mobile particles of SOM. The results show the importance of considering the moisture state of SOM for the kinetics of DOM dissolution.     

Measurement of plasma colloid osmotic pressure in neonatal foals under intensive care: comparison of direct and indirect methods and the association of COP with selected clinical and clinicopathologic variables

Objectives: To describe and compare admission colloid osmotic pressure (COP) measurement using both direct and indirect methods in neonatal foals under intensive care, and to evaluate for associations between COP and clinical/clinicopathologic parameters. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Intensive care unit at a veterinary medical teaching hospital. Animals: Twenty‐six critically ill neonatal foals were studied. A control group consisted of 9 clinically healthy neonatal foals. Interventions: Clinicopathologic data were collected at the time of admission. COP was measured directly using a colloid osmometer. Indirect COP was calculated using equations by both Landis–Pappenheimer (L–P) and Thomas and Brown. Measurements and main results: Measured admission COP values were 17.1±4.3 and 17.7±2.4 mmHg in critically ill and control foals, respectively, and these values were not significantly different. Critically ill foals with blood lactate concentrations >3 mmol/L had lower COP values than those with lactate ≤3 mmol/L. There was close agreement between indirect COP values calculated using the L–P equation and direct COP values measured in control foals (mean error=0.0±1.3 mmHg; R²=0.87). However, indirect values were not as predictive of direct COP in critically ill foals (mean error=0.8±3.8 mmHg; R²=0.64). As COP values increased, the indirect method tended to overestimate COP, whereas at lower values it slightly underestimated COP. Conclusion: While the L–P equation was a close approximation of direct COP in healthy foals, direct measurements of oncotic pressure cannot be replaced for monitoring of critically ill foals. Critically ill foals with higher lactate concentrations had lower COP values, suggesting a possible relationship between COP and lactate.     

有机酸对几种土壤胶体吸附解吸镉离子的影响

用平衡法研究了有机酸对土壤胶体吸附 解吸Cd2 的影响。结果表明 ,黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤胶体Cd2 最大吸附容量 (Qm)分别为 4 3 7、16 8、1 5 8mmolkg-1。在加入Cd2 浓度相同的条件下 ,土壤胶体Cd2 吸附量随有机酸浓度的升高呈峰形曲线变化。当有机酸与Cd2 共存时 (竞争吸附 ) ,低浓度的草酸 (小于0 5～ 2mmolL-1)或柠檬酸 (小于 0 0 2 5～ 0 2mmolL-1)提高Cd2 吸附量 ,高浓度的草酸或柠檬酸能降低Cd2 吸附量。吸附有机酸后的土壤胶体 (次级吸附 )对Cd2 次级吸附量的影响与竞争吸附一致 ,但两者的Cd2 吸附量变化幅度不一样。这是由于两种吸附体系液相中有机酸残留浓度不同所致。土壤胶体吸附态Cd2 的解吸结果表明 ,草酸浓度不仅影响Cd2 的总解吸量、总解吸率 ,还影响土壤胶体表面KNO3 解吸态与DTPA解吸态Cd2 的分配比例