马唐生防菌厚垣孢镰刀菌ZC201301的生物学特性研究

厚垣孢镰刀菌ZC201301对杂草马唐具有良好的生物防效,本研究通过单次单因子法对菌株ZC201301的基本生物学特性进行了进一步研究.结果表明,菌株ZC201301最适生长培养基为PDA和CAJ培养基,最适生长温度为25~30℃,最适生长pH值为6~8;菌株ZC201301在多种培养基上均能产孢,最适产孢培养基为马唐汁液培养基,日光灯照射对菌丝生长影响不显著,但是对产孢有一定抑制作用;菌丝生长最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为硝酸铵;菌落生长需要充足氧气,气/液小于1:1时菌丝生长受到抑制.湿度是影响ZC201301发挥生防效果的重要因子,环境湿度小于60%时生防效果下降显著.以上结果说明,该菌适宜培养,这对于其生防菌剂的制备及在田间条件下存活有重要意义.     

Fungal-based bioherbicides for weed control: a myth or a reality?

The use of bioherbicides containing fungal active ingredients or natural fungal molecules is one of the possible solutions to reduce the use of chemical products. This paper focuses on studies of bioherbicides, including both living fungi and natural fungal molecules, published in the last 45 years, and their associated weed targets; current problems in the development of bioherbicides are also discussed. Bibliometric methods based on the Web of Science database were used to analyse relevant articles published between 1973 and 2018. Overall analysis suggested that interest in bioherbicides extends over the preceding thirty years, when many potential microorganisms and natural fungal molecules were proposed. Furthermore, analysis of about 229 articles indicated an encouraging exploitable potential, although there is a real gap between the number of experimental studies and the small number of products currently on the market. A dozen fungal-based bioherbicides are on the market in the United States and Canada, while countries, such as China and South Africa, have one, and none is available in Europe. The active ingredients in these bioherbicides are living fungi, but no fungal molecule-based product is thus far on the market. Reasons for this gap include production hurdles, formulation process, ecological fitness, duration of herbicidal effects, and costly and time-consuming registration procedures. However, it is clear that analysis of fungus–plant interactions provides a promising source of bioherbicides that may be applied to appropriate cropping systems for environment-friendly, sustainable weed control.     

Effect of fungal toxins on germination of Striga hermonthica seeds

Fourteen fungal toxins were assayed in vitro to evaluate their effect on seed germination of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica . Among them, T-2 toxin proved to be the most active, being able to inhibit 100% seed germination at 10⁻⁵ M, and being still active when tested at a concentration of 10⁻⁷ M (19% inhibition). Deoxinivalenol was also very active, causing 100% and 69% reduction in germination when assayed at 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁵ M respectively. Cytochalasin E, tenuazonic acid, fumonisin B₁, enniatin and nivalenol were shown to have an inhibitory effect of around 50% at 10⁻⁴ M, whereas other toxins had lower or no activity. The high activity shown by some fungal toxins suggests that they may have potential for use as more natural and safe herbicides to suppress parasite seed germination.     

Isolation and identification of two phytotoxic compounds from the medicinal plant Cassia alata L.

Cassia alata (Caesalpiniaceae), an ornamental shrub, has many biological properties such as antifungal and antibacterial activities. Several bioactive and phytotoxic compounds have already been isolated from C. alata. Phytotoxic substances from plants have drawn attention as an alternative biological approach to control weeds. Thus, we conducted this research to explore other phytotoxic compounds in C. alata leaves. Aqueous methanol extracts of C. alata leaves strongly inhibited the seedling growth of broccoli, cabbage, cress, radish and rapeseed, in which the level of inhibition correlated with concentration. Two active compounds were isolated through chromatographies and identified using spectral data as (S)‐4‐(3‐hydroxybutyl)phenol [(+)‐rhododendrol] and (E)‐4‐((1R,4R)‐4‐hydroxy‐2,6,6‐trimethylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐yl)but‐3‐en‐2‐one [3‐hydroxy‐α‐ionone]. These two active compounds inhibited the growth of cress seedlings in a concentration‐dependent manner. The required concentrations for 50% growth inhibition (I₅₀ value) of cress seedlings were 192.0–296.1 μM for (+)‐rhododendrol and 132.4–195.3 μM for 3‐hydroxy‐α‐ionone. These results indicate that the two phytotoxic compounds play a part in the phytotoxic activity of C. alata leaves.     

生物除草剂剂型研究进展

生物除草剂由于受到生物因素、环境因素和技术因素的影响,使其开发受到一定限制。生物除草剂固体剂型与液体剂型在一定程度上克服了对湿度的依赖性,使其保证了生物活性,使用时在目标植物上能保持湿润,在田间适宜条件下发挥其优良效果;由于若干新型添加剂和先进技术的应用,使其液体剂型得到进一步开发。本文介绍了生物除草剂一些新的固体和液体剂型的研究进展。     

Advances in bioherbicide formulation

Formulation of a bioherbicide ideally should result in a product that has low cost, long shelf-life, ease of application and efficacy. Formulation persists as a constraint to commercial development of many potential bioherbicides often because dew dependence in fungi limits their efficacy under dry-land conditions. This has not been a problem with several commercial bioherbicides because they are used in irrigated systems or applied as wound inoculations. Thus, reduction in dew dependence is a principal aim in the formulation of many potential bioherbicides. In the present paper, formulation research attempting in part to overcome this problem via the development of novel solid and liquid formulations is described. Solid formulations typically must be able to survive in the field and await suitable conditions before becoming activated. Liquid formulations have the potential to produce infections soon after application provided they remain moist on the target plant surface. Several attempts to improve water-holding capacity in liquid formulations have been examined. The use of multiple emulsions of water in oil in water has recently shown promise.