Spring Barley Responses to Row Spacing and Fungicide Triadimefon in Regions with a Short Crop-growing Season

Aspects of intensive management practices such as high-yielding cultivars, narrow-row spacings and fungicide treatments could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out at McGill University, Canada for three years (1987 to 1989) to test the effects of triadimefon (1-[4-chlorophenoxy]-3,3-dimethyl-1-[1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-2-butanone, or Bayleton, a trade name) fungicide (0 vs. 140 g a.i. ha⁻¹) and row spacing (10 vs. 20 cm) on the yield components, yield and other agronomic traits (spike emergence, days to maturity, leaf disease and plant height) of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger. A cultivar by row spacing interaction resulted in a 11 to 13.5 % increase in grain yield due to narrow rows for Laurier in two out of the three years and up to 16 % for Leger in one year. Over the three years grain yields were on average increased 6 to 12 % due to use of the narrower row spacing. Fungicide application to barley at the early heading stage effectively controlled leaf diseases without influence on yield components or grain yield. Our results indicate that some components of intensive management such as narrow row spacing can be applicable in regions with a short crop-growing season.     

大麦茎秆生长动态模拟模型

通过系统分析甘肃地区不同株型大麦品种茎秆生长的变化动态,以生理发育时间(PDT)为步长,用Richards方程模拟了甘肃大麦茎秆节间伸长和节间增粗的动态过程,并以不同品种不同播期的大麦对模型进行了检验。结果表明:模型对大麦不同品种不同播期节间长度实测值和模拟值的RMSE范围在0.37~1.62 cm之间,节间粗度的RMSE范围在0.011~0.034 cm之间,模型具有较好的预测性。     

Intra-specific variation and inheritance of BYDV-PAV transmission in the aphid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitobion avenae</Emphasis>

Vector efficiency of 44 clonal lines (clones) of Sitobion avenae belonging to 31 different genotypes (distinct patterns for five microsatellite loci) originating from Western France was evaluated by transmitting the isolate PAV4 of BYDV-PAV to barley seedlings. Variation in transmission rates from 3.7% to 92.5% was observed, with significant effects of the aphid clone, of the plant species on which clones were collected, and of the reproductive mode of the clones. When genotypes are considered instead of clones, a continuum in transmission rates was observed. A subset of S. avenae clones was tested for transmission of one (10 clones) and 13 (4 clones) other BYDV-PAV isolates, and a clear clone effect modulated by an isolate effect was observed. Crosses were made between clones with different vectoring phenotypes and their F1 progeny were tested for PAV4 transmission. The narrow sense heritability of the PAV transmission character was rather high in the F1 families (h²=0.5) and the segregation analyses suggested an oligo/polygenic determinism of this character. The possibility of generating new transmission variants by sexual reproduction and its consequences on transmission mechanism studies and on BYD epidemics are discussed.     

17个大麦矮秆候选种质的农艺性状差异和育种价值评价

矮秆种质是大麦新品种选育的重要基因资源,但一些不良性状使得育种中可被广泛使用的大麦矮秆种质的数量较少。利用已鉴定的矮秆大麦品种矮秆齐、尺八大麦和浙皮1号为对照,本研究鉴定了17大麦品种的株高,筛选到16份大麦矮秆种质,其中特矮秆种质11份、普通矮秆种质5份。在16份大麦矮秆种质中,尺八大麦、红原黑青稞和机械裸等7份矮秆种质携带矮秆基因uzu,Himalaya Hrmdaya和印度矮生分别携带矮秆基因br或sdw。方差分析和多重比较结果表明：16份矮秆种质种具有1或多个优良性状,且株高与低单穗粒重、低结实率或低百粒重等性状没有关联性,可用作矮化育种亲本。在16份矮秆种质中,91 G-318、Himalaya Hrmdaya和加久等6份矮秆材料携带br、sdw或其他未知矮秆基因,可作为中国大麦矮化育种的新基因资源。     

浅谈西藏大麦生产的发展

在西藏自治区,大麦生产的发展意义重大。回顾西藏大麦生产发展的历史及分析现状的基础上,指出当前所面临的主要矛盾和问题,并提出了解决矛盾的措施和西藏大麦生产的发展方向。     

啤用大麦主要农艺性状对产量及部分酿造品质的影响

对啤用大麦的11个农艺性状与小区产量、千粒重、蛋白质含量及α-淀粉酶含量分别进行通径分析和比较研究。结果表明：对产量有显著影响的性状为单株粒数、单株粒重、主穗粒重及主穗粒数;对千粒重、α-淀粉酶含量、蛋白质含量等部分酿造品质有显著影响的主要性状为主穗穗长、单株粒重、单株穗数、主穗粒数、分蘖数、基本苗数及有效穗数（指667 m²有效穗数,下同）,其中基本苗数和单株粒重的遗传决定系数h₂B＜50%;主穗粒重、主穗粒数这2个性状受遗传效应的影响较大,同时对千粒重和α-淀粉酶的直接作用效应较大,所以在育种实践中应特别注意该性状的锁定及选择。     

野大麦盐胁迫rbcS基因的克隆及序列分析(摘要)(英文)

[目的]研究野大麦盐胁迫rbcS基因的克隆及序列分析。[方法]以盐胁迫下的野大麦幼嫩叶片为试材,根据GenBank中小麦和大麦rbcS基因核酸序列的同源性设计引物,对野大麦基因组DNA进行PCR扩增、回收、连接、转化及测序。[结果]在野大麦的基因组中克隆了2个大小不同的rbcS基因序列rbcS1和rbcS2,长度分别为1252和908bp。rbcS1和rbcS2均由2个外显子和1个内含子组成,外显子长度相等,编码序列为525bp,同源性为96%,编码174个氨基酸;rbcS1和rbcS2内含子大小不同,分别为448和107bp。[结论]该研究为进一步探讨rbcS基因在野大麦耐盐机制中的分子机制奠定了基础。     

河西灌区施钾对啤酒大麦产量及品质的影响

采用土壤养分状况系统研究法（ASI）,又称土壤养分状况综合评价法,研究河西灌区施钾对啤酒大麦产量、品质的影响,并确定甘肃河西灌区合理经济的施钾量。结果表明固定N、P及微量元素等养分后,与不施钾比较。施钾的啤酒大麦的产量增加279～1325kg／hm^2,增幅5．9％～27．9％,千粒重提高0．1～2．8g;钾水平在0～150kg／hm^2范围内,随着施钾量的增加,产量、经济效益、千粒重也随之增加,籽粒粗蛋白含量降低。说明施钾提高了啤酒大麦的产量与经济效益,改善并保证了啤酒大麦的品质,合理经济的钾用量为150kg／hm^2.     

气候变暖对西藏青稞农田氨挥发和产量的影响

【目的】研究气候变暖对西藏青稞农田氨挥发特性和青稞产量的影响,为探索减少青稞生产中的氨挥发、提高氮肥利用率提供依据。【方法】在西藏青稞主产区之一的拉萨河谷农区,采用开顶式气室(open-top chamber, OTC)增温系统模拟气候变暖进行大田试验。试验共设置不增温(对照,T0)、增温2℃(T2)和增温4℃(T4)3个处理。将290.25 kg/hm²尿素(纯N 133.5 kg/hm²)分别于播种前(4月12日)基施60%、拔节期(6月6日)和抽穗期(6月20日)各追施20%。测定不同处理青稞农田的土壤氨挥发通量以及青稞生长指标、产量及其构成要素,计算基肥和追肥的氨挥发积累量和氨挥发损失率,分析增温与土壤氨挥发特性以及青稞株高、产量及其构成要素的相关性。【结果】氮肥基施后,T0、T2和T4 3个处理的青稞农田土壤氨挥发通量至播种后第14天达到峰值,且土壤氨挥发通量峰值由大到小表现为T4>T0>T2;T2和T4处理基肥氨挥发周期均为26 d,较T0处理延长了3 d。于抽穗期追施氮肥后,T0、T2和T4 3个处理的土壤氨挥发通量...     

大麦多数量性状相关分析

穗长、穗粒重两性对小区产量直接影响较大;每穗实粒数和每穗不实粒两性状数对小区产量直接影响很小,但通过其他性状对小区产量的间接负影响很大;每穗总粒数对小区产量直接负影响很大,株高通过其他性状对小区产量间接正影响很大。