烟草米根霉对6种杀菌剂的敏感性及菌株保存条件筛选

采用孢子萌发法测定了烟草上米根霉Rhizopus oryzae对6种杀菌剂 (代森锰锌、多菌灵、嘧霉胺、嘧菌酯、啶酰菌胺及氟啶胺) 的敏感性,并就其适宜的保存条件进行了筛选,同时采用离体叶片法测定了上述6种杀菌剂对烟叶霉烂病的防治效果。结果表明:6种杀菌剂对米根霉孢子萌发和烟叶霉烂病均表现出了不同的抑制活性。其中,抑制孢子萌发活性最为明显的是氟啶胺和啶酰菌胺,其EC₉₀值分别为0.67 和1.53 mg/L;其次为代森锰锌和嘧菌酯,15.16和17.66 mg/L;最弱为嘧霉胺和多菌灵,71.87和81.96 mg/L。对烟叶霉烂病防效最好的为嘧菌酯,50 mg/L处理的防效为85%;其次为啶酰菌胺,200 mg/L处理时防效为83%;氟啶胺的防效较差,1 000 mg/L处理时仅为48%;而代森锰锌、多菌灵和嘧霉胺在最高使用剂量 (分别为4 000、800和800 mg/L) 时防效均低于20%。病原菌保存方法筛选结果表明,保存后米根霉的孢子萌发率均发生了不同程度降低。其中,4 ℃保存于20%甘油组的孢子悬浮液萌发率为60%;4 ℃保存的孢子干样萌发率为36%;4 ℃保存的孢子悬浮液和 –20 ℃保存于20%甘油的孢子悬浮液萌发率均低于20%;20 ℃保存的孢子干样萌发率为11%;–20 ℃保存的孢子悬浮液萌发率为6%。研究结果可为烘烤期烟叶霉烂病防治和米根霉孢子的保存提供参考依据。     

快速滤过型净化法结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测人参中的5种农药残留

基于人参样品基质特点,采用快速滤过型净化法 (m-PFC) 结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS),建立了人参中嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、吡虫啉、茚虫威和噻嗪酮5种农药残留同时检测的分析方法。该方法具有较低的检出限 (0.03~0.18 μg/kg) 和定量限 (0.11~0.59 μg/kg),其定量限较中国国家标准GB 2763—2016中规定的对人参中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的最大残留限量 (MRL) (0.5~1 mg/kg) 低3个数量级,5种农药的线性范围在1~500 μg/L之间。在2、10、50、100和300 μg/kg的添加水平下,方法的平均回收率均在76%~115%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 均小于11%,回收率较好且方法稳定。与传统样品前处理方法相比,该方法具有操作简单、省时省力和灵敏度高等优点。将该方法应用于市售6份人参样品中5种农药残留的检测,结果未检出相应的农药残留。该方法为研发建立更快速、准确地检测人参中农药残留的方法提供了思路,也为后续中国国家标准修订人参中农药最大残留限量提供了参考。     

河北省北部马铃薯早疫病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性的测定与分析

选取2009~2011年采集自河北省张家口、承德两地的74株马铃薯早疫病菌(Alternaria solani),用抑制分生孢子萌发的方法,进行嘧菌酯敏感性测定,旨在为生产上科学使用嘧菌酯提供理论依据。结果表明,嘧菌酯的EC50介于0.01~0.13μg/m L之间,平均EC50为0.04μg/m L。处于敏感基线的菌株(EC500.01~0.07μg/m L)占总数的87.84%。2009~2011年所采集的早疫病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性随年度略微有所下降,不同地区采集的菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性也有差异。因此,河北省北部地区马铃薯早疫病的防控仍可以使用嘧菌酯,但不可盲目,并实时检测菌株的抗药性。     

嘧菌酯施药措施与最终残留量间的相关性分析 及其膳食摄入风险评估

[目的]对嘧菌酯在花生植株、花生、花生壳及土壤中的最终残留及其消解动态进行分析,评价嘧菌酯在花生生产上的残留安全性.[方法]对不同施药次数、施药剂量及采收间隔期与花生植株、花生、花生壳及土壤中嘧菌酯最终残留量间的相关性进行分析,同时对嘧菌酯进行了膳食摄入风险评估.[结果]嘧菌酯在花生植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为7.24~12.07 d和5.57~13.48 d.嘧菌酯在花生植株、花生、花生壳和土壤中的最终残留量分别低于1.135、0.154、0.922和0.957 mg/kg,嘧菌酯残留量排序为花生<花生壳<土壤<花生植株.根据最终残留量试验结果,嘧菌酯在花生中的残留中值为0.05 mg/kg,普通人群嘧菌酯的国家估算每日摄入量为0.418785 mg/kg,占日允许摄入量的3.32%左右.采收间隔期为21和28 d时,在不同施药次数、施药剂量和采收间隔期条件下,嘧菌酯在花生植株、花生、花生壳和土壤中的残留量差异均不显著(P>0.05).[结论]按常规方式施用嘧菌酯通常不会对一般人群健康产生不可接受的风险,但采收间隔期为14 d时,施药剂量和施药次数对最终残留量有一定影响.     

RP-HPLC法测定鸡肉组织中的嘧菌酯残留量

利用反相高效液相色谱法测定鸡肉组织中嘧菌酯杀菌剂残留量,色谱条件是Shim-pack VP-ODS 色谱柱,乙腈/水(75/25,V/V)溶液为流动相,流速0.6 mL/min,检测波长225 nm.在该色谱条件下,嘧菌酯能较好地分离,在0.03～12.40 μg/mL(r=0.9994)的浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限为0.01μg/mL.结果表明,该法简便快速,可应用于实际鸡肉组织中嘧菌酯的测定.     

Evaluation of biological control agents for managing cucurbit powdery mildew on greenhouse-grown melon

An evaluation was made of the ability of two mycoparasite-based products AQ10® ( Ampelomyces quisqualis ) and Mycotal® ( Lecanicillium lecanii ), as well as three strains of Bacillus subtilis , to manage powdery mildew disease, caused by Podosphaera fusca on melon seedlings maintained under different regimes of relative humidity and on plants grown under greenhouse conditions in Spain. In every case fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents (BCAs) performed better under conditions of high relative humidity (90–95% RH). In greenhouse experiments, the effectiveness of the mycoparasites to manage powdery mildew was absolutely dependent on mineral oil. The strains of B. subtilis provided disease control similar to that achieved with the mycoparasites or the fungicide azoxystrobin. Microscopic analysis showed the ability of these bacterial strains to efficiently colonize leaf surfaces and revealed the occurrence of antagonistic interactions between biological agents and P. fusca structures. These results confirmed the usefulness of these BCAs for managing powdery mildew on greenhouse-grown cucurbits either as single products or as a component of integrated control programmes.     

丙环唑·嘧菌酯在玉米和土壤中的残留分析

经过对样品前处理过程的研究和优化,建立了丙环唑和嘧菌酯的气相色谱分析方法。样品经乙腈水溶液提取分配后,用弗罗里硅土小柱净化,采用气相色谱(μ-ECD)测定。方法中目标物在50~2 000μg·L-1浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数分别为0.999 1和0.999 4。在5,50,200μg·kg-13个添加浓度水平下,平均加标回收率在79.2%~110.9%之间,相对标准偏差不大于15%。该方法可灵敏、简便、快速地测定玉米中丙环唑和嘧菌酯的残留。     

Derivation and testing of a model to predict selection for fungicide resistance

A mathematical model was derived to predict selection for fungicide resistance in foliar pathogens of cereal crops. The model was tested against independent data from four field experiments quantifying selection for the G143A mutation conferring resistance to a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide in powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Fungicide treatments with azoxystrobin differed in the total applied dose and spray number. For each treatment, we calculated the observed selection ratio as the ratio of the frequency of the resistant strain after the last and before the first spray. The model accurately predicted the variation in observed selection ratios with total applied fungicide dose and number of sprays for three of the four experiments. Underprediction of selection ratios in one experiment was attributed to the particularly late epidemic onset in that experiment. When the equation representing epidemic development was modified to account for the late epidemic, predicted and observed selection ratios at that site were in close agreement. On a scatter plot of observed selection ratios on predicted selection ratios, for all four experiments, the 1:1 line explained 89–92% of the variance in the mean of observed selection ratios. To our knowledge, this is the first fungicide resistance model for plant pathogens to be rigorously tested against field data. The model can be used with some degree of confidence, to identify anti‐resistance treatment strategies which are likely to be effective and would justify the resources required for experimental testing.     

橘园土壤中嘧菌酯的残留消解动态分析

为了了解嘧菌酯在柑橘园土壤中的消解动态规律,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测法,对贵州、湖南、浙江3地的橘园土壤中嘧菌酯残留进行了检测,并建立了嘧菌酯在土壤样品中的残留检测体系.结果表明,在试验检测条件下,嘧菌酯的最小检出量为1×10-11 g,相对保留时间为4.86 min;添加回收率为98.3％～105.4％,变异系数为5.0％～7.2％,标准偏差为5.15％～7.15％,均能达到我国农药残留检测的要求;湖南、浙江、贵州柑橘园土壤中嘧菌酯的消解半衰期分别为14.0、13.2、11.6d.这表明在自然条件下,嘧菌酯在土壤中消解较快,不会造成土壤中累积性残留污染.     

嘧菌酯·戊唑醇50%悬浮剂防治水稻纹枯病田间试验研究

为有效防控水稻纹枯病,开展了嘧菌酯·戊唑醇50%悬浮剂田间试验研究。采用38、75、112g(a.i.)/hm23个浓度兑水后进行田间喷雾,施药3次后第7d对水稻纹枯病平均防效分别为75.94%、85.69%、95.47%。经方差分析,供试药剂不同剂量处理间防效相比,差异显著,中剂量处理与对照药剂处理相比差异不显著,各药剂处理与空白对照相比差异均呈极显著。试验证明嘧菌酯.戊唑醇50%悬浮剂对水稻纹枯病具有较好的防治效果,且药后对水稻安全,在发病前施药效果更好,使用剂量以75～112g(a.i.)/hm2为宜。