不同地域环境对枸杞蛋白质和药用氨基酸含量的影响

根据2000～2001年我国北方六省(区)多点枸杞采样资料和田间试验资料,利用K-均值聚类方法和非线性回归方法,对比分析了宁杞1号枸杞蛋白质和9种药用氨基酸含量的差异和特点,以及生态因子对它们的影响。分析结果表明,不同地域栽种的宁杞1号枸杞蛋白质和9种药用氨基酸含量的变异系数分别为16.58%和16.22%,除品种因子的决定作用以外,环境条件对枸杞蛋白质含量有一定作用,其中土壤水解氮含量对蛋白质和氨基酸合成有一定作用,二者呈对数关系。     

Effects of spent mushroom substrates and inorganic fertilizer on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and lettuce production

We evaluated the effects of the addition of two types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), SMS from an Agaricus bisporus crop (SMS1) and a mixture of SMSs from an A. bisporus crop and a Pleurotus crop (50% v/v each) (SMS2), on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and the yield and nutritional status of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), relative to crops receiving mineral fertilizer (M) and a control (C) without amendment. The application of SMS, especially SMS1, improved soil fertility compared with C and M soils. Moreover, the use of these organic substrates as soil amendments did not harm the plants and gave yields similar to that obtained with mineral fertilizer. The nutritional contents of the lettuce plants were greater than or similar to those of the plants from treatment C or M, except for the plant tissue concentrations of K, Fe and Zn, which were significantly reduced by SMS application. However, this latter fact did not reduce the lettuce yield in the amended soils. Therefore, the use of SMSs as organic amendments contributes to residue utilization, in an environmentally friendly way, and to improved soil fertility and crop yield.     

土壤中缓效钾的批量快速测定

通过对NY/T 889—2004标准中前处理方法的改进,建立了批量、快速、准确测定的土壤中缓效钾的方法。以石墨消解代替油浴消煮测定标准土中的有效钾,以验证改进后方法的可行性。结果表明,改进后的方法一次可以测定36个样品,且3 min内沸腾时间对结果无显著影响。因此,改进后的方法操作简单、条件易控制、准确快速,能实现对土壤中缓效钾的批量、快速测定。     

不同施肥措施对灰枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响

为了探讨灰枣生长期内不同施肥处理措施对枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响情况,于2014年3月采用不施肥、常规施肥和施用不同种类生物肥共3大类9种处理进行田间试验,并于同年7~10月在灰枣不同生长期测定了各处理区域土壤中的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质这4种养分的含量,研究了不同施肥处理下灰枣不同成熟期土壤各养分的动态变化情况。结果表明,不同处理、不同成熟期土壤各养分含量间均有差异,施用生物肥可以显著提高土壤中各养分的含量。     

Soil available potassium affected by rice straw incorporation and potassium fertilizer application under a rice–oilseed rape rotation system

Data from 147 field trials were collected to study the influence of straw incorporation on soil potassium (K) under an intensive rice–oilseed rape rotation system, while pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw incorporation on soil K availability. A significant correlation was observed between the soil available K and the relative yield (RRY) and the relative K uptake (RKU) of oilseed rape, with R² values ranging from 0.07 to 0.08 and from 0.10 to 0.11, respectively, when data were fitted to a logarithmic equation model. In approximately 30% of trials, RRY reached 90%, while soil test available K values were below the critical limit, indicating that soil K values at the time of sampling (within 1 week of rice harvest) underestimated the actual soil K supply capacity. The pot experiment results showed that soil available K was affected by straw incorporation and soil type in the fallow period. The NH₄OAc‐K and NaBPh₄‐K concentrations of soils increased at first, and then, plateaued after 28 days. Straw incorporation significantly influenced the critical soil K concentration, which is important for making accurate K fertilizer recommendation. These results suggested that straw K should be seriously considered in making K fertilizer recommendations. Extending the sampling time from 1 to 3 weeks after the harvesting of rice to stabilize the effects of straw incorporation may help achieve a more accurate evaluation of soil available K.     

有机改良剂对温室土壤及番茄质量的影响

研究了优培-海藻生物有机肥(Y)、微生物菌肥(W)和腐植酸有机肥对日光温室土壤的理化性质、有效态微量元素含量、酶活性以及番茄品质等方面的影响,旨在探索快速、简易且廉价的土壤改良方法,为日光温室土壤改良及有机蔬菜生产提供理论依据。结果表明,不同土壤改良剂对土壤p H无显著影响,在番茄生育期内土壤p H值始终在7.0以上,没有出现酸化问题;拉秧后,除中量腐植酸有机肥(FM)外,其他各处理均能有效降低土壤EC值并达到极显著水平;各处理对提升有效态Mn、Zn和Fe含量的效果不显著,其中,仅高量腐植酸有机肥处理(FH)能同时提高开花结果盛期0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的有效态Zn含量,与CK相比,分别增加10.8%和13.2%;不同土壤改良剂均可提高土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性;不同土壤改良剂对碱性磷酸酶的酶活性影响较小;微生物菌肥对酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的酶活性影响相对明显;不同土壤改良剂均能提高番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C的含量,其中,中量腐植酸有机肥处理提高了番茄的糖酸比。土壤改良剂可有效改善日光温室土壤特性及番茄品质。     

A Thermodynamic Criteria for Evaluation of Heat Exchanger Performance

The concept of loss rate of available energy was introduced for evaluating heat exchanger performance. At the same time, the general expression of loss rate of available energy was obtained for heat exchangers of several typical. And NL criteria was recommended for evaluation of the loss rate of available energy of heat exchanger. Then. the influences of inlet temperatures ratio, heat capacity ratio of fluids, the number of heat transfer units and flow patterns of heat exchanger on ,VL criteria were also discussed.     

重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分状况分析

为了解重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分含量状况,在重庆7县（区）随机选取132个果园,分析背景土壤和农化土壤pH值、有机质和有效态矿质养分含量。结果显示,分别有56.8%和60.8%的果园背景土壤和农化土壤pH值适宜甜橙生长,农化土壤酸性土比例增加;背景土壤和农化土壤有机质含量不足（<15 mg?Kg-1）的比例分别为77.3%和85.3%,碱解氮处于适宜范围的比例分别为56.8%和61.5%,有效钙过剩（高量和过量）的比例分别为79.6%和76.7%;背景土壤有效磷、钾不足(缺乏和低量)的比例分别为95.4%和72.8%,有效锌、硼不足的比例分别为54.5%和70.5%;农化土壤有效磷、钾不足的比例分别为60.8%和57.6%,有效锌、硼不足比例分别为65.9%和90.7%。背景土壤和农化土壤有效镁、铁、锰及铜不足和过量并存。总体而言,土壤养分状况中等偏差;与背景土壤相比,农化土壤pH值、有机质、有效钙、锌和硼含量下降且缺锌严重,其它养分含量则有所上升。     

江西省耕地土壤pH值和养分状况调查

按中国第二次土壤普查推荐的土壤养分和pH值的分级标准,对2014年江西省5个不同区域(赣南、赣北、赣中、赣西、赣东北)的94个县(市)具有代表性的4 188个耕地土壤的养分和pH值的测定数据进行比较分析,探明江西省耕地土壤养分及pH状况。结果表明：江西省耕地土壤pH值平均为5.3,偏酸性;赣南、赣北耕地土壤有机质质量分数均值分别为28.5、25.8 g/kg,属中等水平,而赣中、赣西和赣东北土壤有机质质量分数均值分别为31.9、33.9、31.1 g/kg,属较丰富水平;赣南土壤碱解氮质量分数均值为144.4 mg/kg,属较丰富水平,其他4个区域的均值均高于150 mg/kg,属丰富水平;赣南、赣中土壤有效磷质量分数均值分别为21.8、21.6 mg/kg,属较丰富水平,其他3个区域的属中等水平;5个区域土壤速效钾质量分数均值均在50～100 mg/kg,属较缺乏水平。可见,江西省耕地土壤酸化严重,养分极不平衡。     

长期秸秆还田和地下水位对土壤镉积累及有效性的影响

以1982年开始的长期定位试验为对象,研究了2个地下水位(高水位-20 cm和低水位-80 cm)下3种施肥方式(高量秸秆还田HS、常量秸秆还田MS、化肥CF)对水稻土镉积累及有效性的影响。结果表明:高水位条件下,长期秸秆还田可增加土壤总镉及有效态镉含量,HS和MS处理分别较CF处理提高21.8%、59.9%和9.8%、49.2%。低水位条件下,HS处理土壤总镉及有效态镉含量高于CF处理,较CF处理分别提高11.2%和31.6%; MS处理土壤总镉及有效态镉含量低于CF处理,较CF处理分别下降8.8%和14.3%。2012年,在保证原定位试验有足够重复的前提下,变更高水位条件下的部分试验处理。当HS处理变更为CF处理5 a后,土壤总镉和有效态镉含量分别较变更前下降2.5%和5.7%;CF处理变更为MS处理后,土壤总镉和有效态镉含量分别较变更前增加16.5%和58.9%。相同施肥处理,高水位土壤总镉含量高于低水位土壤。在MS处理下,高水位土壤有效态镉含量也高于低水位土壤,而在HS和CF处理下,低水位土壤有效态镉含量高于高水位土壤。土壤镉含量和土壤基本理化性质的相关分析表明,土壤总镉与土壤有机质、络合态铁含量极显著正相关,与pH显著负相关;土壤有效态镉与土壤pH、游离氧化铁极显著负相关。研究表明,施肥方式和地下水位是通过改变土壤的基本性质影响土壤镉的积累及其有效形态。