Variation of Parthenium hysterophorus in response to soil quality: implications for invasiveness

Summary The performance of Parthenium hysterophorus , native to the tropical Americas and invasive to several countries, was evaluated for response to soil quality. Phenological (six stages) and quantitative growth variables [relative growth rates in height (R_h) and diameter (R_d)] were measured every fortnight. Based on harvest data, the variables, root:shoot (R:S) ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate in biomass (R_w), net assimilation rate (NAR) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. High clay content in soils prolonged the rosette stage, enhanced R_h and R_d and hampered root growth, but promoted biomass allocation to shoots. The extreme degree of plant mortality was observed, with only 33.3% individuals surviving to reproduce in the soils with highest clay contents. This appears to be one of the most important findings that certainly has a major bearing on the range of adaptation of the weed. Seed mass declined whereas seed production increased in relatively coarser soils with the exception of nearly pure sand. In soils rich in clay, plants produced a smaller number of larger seeds. These data suggest that variation in fundamental functional traits would enable P. hysterophorus to adjust to a variety of habitat conditions.     

银胶菊不同组织部位对黄瓜化感作用初步研究

运用室内培养皿生物测定法,对银胶菊化感作用研究,发现茎、叶、花水浸提液对黄瓜根长、芽长有抑制作用,抑制强度随处理浓度的增大而加强,在浓度为200 g/L时,叶、花水浸提液的根长抑制率和芽长抑制率均达到100.0%,芽长抑制强度随根水浸提液处理浓度的增大而减弱。根、茎、叶、花水浸提液能降低黄瓜的根系活力,提高丙二醛含量,表明不同组织部位水浸提液对黄瓜造成了伤害。     

银胶菊水浸液对蔬菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究银胶菊不同部位水浸液对蔬菜种子和幼苗的化感作用。[方法]以上海青和油麦2种蔬菜作物为受体,通过室内培养法,研究银胶菊不同部位水浸液对上海青和油麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。[结果]银胶菊不同部位水浸液对上海青和油麦种子的萌发具有不同程度的抑制作用,且抑制作用大部分随处理浓度的增加而增强;对幼苗根长均具有抑制作用,而对苗高均表现出促进作用;对2种植物幼苗的鲜重也有一定的化感效应,有的表现为促进作用,有的表现为抑制作用。[结论]研究结果为银胶菊对植物的化感作用机理研究、银胶菊抑制植物生长的化感物质分离研究奠定了基础。     

银胶菊的花对小麦的化感作用机制

采用温室盆栽法,研究了银胶菊的花水浸提液对小麦生长及其生理生化机制的影响,以明确其对小麦的化感作用。结果显示,花水浸提液抑制小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度的升高而加强;随着花水浸提液浓度的增加,小麦叶片光合作用、光合色素含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,磷(P)和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,氮(N)含量呈现先降低后趋于正常的变化趋势,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性没有显著变化,而过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。表明银胶菊的花水浸提液抑制小麦叶片光合作用,提高了小麦叶片的MDA含量,并降低了小麦叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性。     

Phytotoxic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus residues on three Brassica species

A study was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity of residues of Parthenium hysterophorus , an exotic invasive weed, towards the growth of three Brassica species ( Brassica campestris, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa ). The early growth of crops, measured in terms of seedling length and dry weight, was significantly reduced when grown in soil amended with varying amounts of Parthenium residues. A direct relationship was observed between the amount of residue incorporated in the soil and growth reduction. This adverse effect on Brassica crops indicates the presence of some growth-retardatory substances which are possibly released by the residues into the soil medium. In order to test this, aqueous extracts (1, 2, and 4%) of residues were prepared. It was observed that, in a laboratory bioassay, these extracts severely reduced the early growth of Brassica species, thereby indicating the presence of some water-soluble, inhibitory principles in Parthenium residues. A significant amount of the phenolics, the largest group of secondary metabolites usually implicated in allelopathy, was estimated in residue extracts, as well as in residue-incorporated soil. The phenolic content increased with increasing residue concentration, thereby showing their direct involvement in the observed growth inhibitions. Therefore, the study establishes that Parthenium residues exert an allelopathic influence on the early growth of Brassica crops by releasing water-soluble phenolics into the soil.     

银胶菊对苘麻化感作用初步研究

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊水浸提液对苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,根、茎、叶、花水浸提液的化感作用强度存在差异,花、叶水浸提液对苘麻的化感抑制强度高于根、茎,且抑制强度随处理浓度的升高而增强;在20％浓度下,花、叶水浸提液完全抑制苘麻幼苗生长,对苘麻种子萌发的抑制率分别为91.9％、78.4％.     

豚草卷蛾的寄主专一性测定

1990～1992年在北京对从澳大利亚引进原产地为北美的豚草卷娥,对有代表性的15科37种主要经济作物、粮食作物、观赏植物及与豚草近缘或形态上相似的植物,进行了食性测定,特别对菊科植物中有经济价值的作物向日葵,在特定环境条件下进行了多种选择、诱导、强迫性等产卵、取食试验。结果表明:(1)常规方法的测定:无论选择性试验还是非选择性试验,豚草卷蛾只在豚草、三裂叶豚草、银胶菊和苍耳上产卵,并完成发育;而在供试的其它寄主上均未发现成虫产卵,也未发现幼虫企图咬食或钻蛀的痕迹。(2)特定方法的测定:豚草卷蛾不选择向日葵植株产卵;仅在混栽区诱导实验中,发现低龄幼虫可转移到茎秆较细或倒伏的向日葵上蛀食并形成虫瘿,并能完成发育,但向日葵不是豚草卷蛾的适口寄主植物。对影响豚草卷蛾取食行为的各种因素综合分析后,作者认为该天敌可在我国长江以南非向日葵作物区释放,在北方向日葵作物区能否释放,尚需进一步研究。     

银胶菊叶对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊叶片水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化机制的影响.结果表明,在62.5 g·L-1水浸提液处理下,苘麻和稗发芽率比对照分别降低86.7%和66.6%,对苘麻和稗幼苗根长的抑制率分别为96.4%和87.5%,大于对芽长、鲜重的抑制率,乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发的作用较强,剩余水相抑制苘麻幼苗生长的作用最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗幼苗生长的作用最强;在2 g·L-1浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、90.2%、78.2%和78.8%、86.8%、69.1%;乙酸乙酯相降低了受体的根系活力,提高了其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量.     

重庆恶性外来人侵植物1新纪录属:银胶菊属

银胶菊为菊科(Asteraceae)银胶菊属(Parthenium L.)1年生草本植物,原产于美国德克萨斯州及墨西哥北部,现广泛分布世界热带地区.银胶菊是世界上著名的恶性杂草,属《中国入侵植物名录》中1级恶性入侵类.2015年9月调查首次发现银胶菊入侵重庆地区.为给银胶菊入侵地区的治理提供技术参考,介绍了该物种的危害性,并提出相应的防治措施.