数值模型结构不确定性对模拟结果的影响分析

以内蒙古鄂托克旗为例,基于GMS中的MODFLOW模块构建了地下水流数值模拟模型,分析了模型结构(含水层厚度、参数分区)与模型参数不确定性因素对模拟结果的影响.研究结果表明:含水层不确定情景(含水层下边界概化为隔水底板平均值870 m)与实际情况水头差值绝对值的累计和最大为701 m,对模拟结果起了主控作用;当含水层下边界概化为910,940 m时,累计和分别增加为1 013,1 593 m;与仅考虑单个不确定性因素相比,同时考虑模型参数与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为738 m,同时考虑参数分区与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为791 m.因此,在构建地下水流数值模拟模型时,应优先考虑含水层空间结构概化的合理程度,同时考虑多个不确定性因素对模拟结果的综合影响,使地下水数值模拟模型能更精确地反映真实的地下水流状况.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

种稻配施改良剂对苏打盐碱土-水-作物系统氟迁移的影响

为探讨化学改良剂对苏打盐碱土稻田生态系统中氟迁移的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究硫酸铝、脱硫石膏和有机复合改良剂作用下的土壤各形态氟含量变化,以及土壤氟向水体和地上部植株的迁移情况。结果表明,化学改良剂影响苏打盐碱土—水—作物系统中氟的迁移及生物有效性。种稻后各改良剂处理的土壤水溶态氟变化范围为8.33～20.90 mg/kg,与对照相比,均呈下降趋势,其中硫酸铝处理下降得最多,降低60.15%;可交换态氟和有机束缚态氟呈增加趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理增加得最多,分别为79.54%和86.37%;种稻前后铁锰氧化物结合态氟变化较复杂,其中硫酸铝处理无显著变化,对照处理和有机复合改良剂处理分别增加19.05%和42.03%,而脱硫石膏处理下降22.79%;残余态氟和总氟含量呈下降趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理的残余态氟降低得最多,为35.50%,硫酸铝处理的总氟降低得最少,为10.47%,其余处理降幅为12.50%～12.55%。在水稻种植过程中,土壤中氟向水中累积释放总量为对照>有机复合改良剂>脱硫石膏>硫酸铝,与对照相比,其他3个处理分别降低3.25%,5.13%和5.1...     

确定潜水含水层系统参数的Boulton-RAGA方法

在对考虑迟后排水的N.S.Boulton第二潜水井流模型解析解分析的基础上，将复合高斯求积法和具有随机搜索寻优特性的实数编码加速遗传算法(RAGA)相结合对其进行优化求解，提出了确定潜水含水层系统参数的Boulton-RAGA法。以计算实例表明，Boulton-RAGA法可以取得很好的求参效果，并且与传统方法比较，方法简单，快速，不需要分抽水时间——降深过程的前、后段进行参数确定，大大简化了潜水含水层的参数确定过程，对于缩短抽水时间确定含水层系统参数具有重要的意义。     

考虑可控非可控因素动态特性的含水层系统有限元模拟模型

本文提出了考虑可控非可控因素动态特征的水资源系统有限元动态模拟模型，将各单元逐时段系统输入输出信息的动态计算模型引入到模型中，然后由于这些量的动态特性，加之需要模拟识别的参数繁多，给有限元模拟模型的求解工作增加了很大的难度，我们在分析各类参数及曲线精度及物理概念的基础上，先固定一部分参数和曲线，然后从剩余参数的物理概念出发，确定其初值及其相互间的逻辑关系，最后由有限元模拟模型识别出这些参数，通过验证表明了模拟参数的准确性，也充分说明了有限元各项项信息量确定的准确，系统输入输出信息量计算模型合理可靠。     

草坪生物过滤与再生水回用技术

再生水已经被去除了主要的污染物,但是仍然含有微量盐类(盐)、重金属(比如锌和钙)和微生物,而城市草坪是有效处理这些残留物的污水再过滤系统.草坪生物过滤是污水处理最好的过滤系统之一,亦是处理污水环境友好性最高的方式.再生水灌溉后回用不仅能充分利用水资源和草坪资源,而且可以通过草坪生物过滤与土壤含水层处理,去除污染物,提供优质中水.     

正态模糊数的线性回归估计含水层参数

将正态模糊数线性回归模型应用于分析抽水试验数据,反演含水层参数的过程中。以简化泰斯公式为基础,将经典线性回归参数正态模糊化,建立估计含水层参数的模糊线性回归模型,利用模糊集的λ-截集概念确定含水层参数在一定置信水平λ下的取值范围。最后实际算例,验证了方法的可行性、可靠性,同时也表明在不同的置信水平λ的情况下,含水层参数的计算结果的范围虽然有一定变化,但这种变化都很微小,由此表明文中提出的方法具有一定的稳定性,为确定含水层参数提供新的途径。     

平原区浅层水水位预报模型应用成果与讨论

本文从一个水文地质实体模型概念化入手，建立了描述地下水运动的数学模型。计算模型及参数反演模型。介绍了模型应用成果，就地下水水位变化对降雨入渗补给量、潜水蒸发量等潜水垂向水量交替强度的影响进行了探讨，并对地下水数值模型参数确定中校验函数的灵敏度问题作了讨论。     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖大盐滩矿区潜水含水层的渗透性

为探究潜水含水层中盐类矿物的固-液转化效应对含水层渗透性的影响,以补水背景下的昆特依干盐湖大盐滩矿区潜水含水层为研究对象,通过抽水试验计算矿区潜水含水层的渗透性,查明含水层渗透性的变化特征;并结合潜卤水水化学数据,分析盐类的固-液转化效应对含水层渗透性变化的影响。结果表明:1补水背景下,大盐滩矿区潜水含水层渗透性受含水层中盐类矿物固-液转化效应的影响,呈现波动性变化。2013年10月,含水层渗透系数最大(376.33 m·d~(-1));2014年3月,含水层渗透系数最小(78.65 m·d~(-1)),2014年6月和9月,渗透系数分别为195.34 m·d~(-1)和348.40 m·d~(-1),呈现逐步上升的趋势。2潜水含水层中芒硝的固-液转化是导致含水层渗透性波动变化的最直接因素。3潜水含水层渗透性变化趋势与SO_4~(2-)-Na+浓度曲线的变化趋势相符。     

Source identification of nitrate in the upper aquifer system of the Wadi Shueib catchment area in Jordan based on stable isotope composition

Groundwater forms the main freshwater supply in arid and semi-arid areas,and contamination of this precious resource is complicated by the slow rate of recharge in these areas.Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a global water quality problem,as it entails threat to human health as well as aquatic ecosystems.Source identification of contamination is the cornerstone and a prerequisite for any effective management program of water quality.Stable isotope composition of the dissolved nitrate(δ¹⁵N-NO₃-andδ¹⁸O-NO₃-)has been applied to identify NO₃-sources and the main transformation processes in the upper aquifer system(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7 aquifers)in the Wadi Shueib catchment area,Jordan.Moreover,the stable isotope compositions of the groundwater(δ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸O-H₂O)in conjunction with the groundwater hydrochemistry were integrated to investigate the origin and evolution of the groundwater.Results revealed that groundwater in the study area is fresh and hard-very hard water,and mainly a Ca-Mg-Cl type.NO₃-concentration was in the range of 7.0-74.0 mg/L with an average of 37.0 mg/L.Most of the samples showed concentration higher than the natural background concentration of NO₃-(5.0-10.0 mg/L).Theδ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸O-H₂O values indicated that the groundwater is meteoric,and of Mediterranean origin,with a strong evaporation effect.Theδ¹⁵N-NO₃-values ranged between 6.0‰and 11.3‰with an average of 8.7‰,and theδ¹⁸O-NO₃-values ranged between 1.6‰and 5.9‰with an average of 3.4‰.These values are in conformity with the stable isotope composition of nitrate derived the nitrification of wastewater/manure,and soil NH4.Nitrification and denitrification are the main transformation processes affecting nitrogen species.Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in theδ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸OH₂O values,andδ¹⁵N-NO₃-andδ¹⁸O-NO₃-values for the three aquifers(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7),indicating that the groundwater of these aquifers has the same origin,and a common source of pollution.