枯草芽孢杆菌C-D6抗菌蛋白对稻瘟病菌的抑菌作用

枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis菌株C-D6及其发酵滤液在平板上对稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae显示明显的抑制作用。通过20%饱和度硫酸铵沉淀和Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析分离,获得1个影响病原菌附着胞形成的抗菌蛋白,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测发现该蛋白的分子量为32kD。显微观察发现：用该蛋白处理的孢子虽能完全萌发,但形成串珠状膨大的芽管和色浅、膨大的附着胞,并抑制芽管的正常生长。该蛋白的活性表现具有较好的热稳定性（80℃,30min）和较广的pH适应范围（5.6～9.3）。     

草莓炭疽菌初期侵染过程显微观察

[目的]明确草莓炭疽菌(Colletotrichum fragariae)在侵染草莓叶片过程中病原菌的侵染致病过程,为防控草莓炭疽病提供理论依据.[方法]用草莓炭疽菌绿色荧光蛋白标记菌株LC0220-7GFP的分生孢子悬浮液接种离体健康草莓叶片,在荧光显微镜下观察病原菌的侵染过程及侵染结构.[结果]接种6~9 h为病原菌分生孢子萌发高峰期,接种9 h约90.00%的分生孢子已萌发;接种12~24 h为侵染结构形成高峰期,接种24 h约70.00%的芽管顶端产生附着胞并形成侵染钉开始侵染草莓叶片表皮细胞,有少量的菌丝开始直接侵染叶片表皮细胞,同时在寄主上表皮上有少量的附着枝形成;接种48 h为菌丝形成高峰期,菌丝大量形成并沿着表皮细胞延伸成网络状,叶片开始出现零星病斑;接种7296 h为分生孢子盘形成高峰期;接种96~120 h为产孢高峰期,接种96 h产生新的分生孢子,大部分病原菌完成一个侵染循环;接种144 h形成典型的炭疽病斑.[结论]草莓炭疽菌通过产生附着胞侵入或直接侵入草莓叶片表皮细胞,使草莓叶片发病,形成典型的炭疽病斑.     

西双版纳海巴戟炭疽病和病原菌分生孢子萌发、附着胞形成条件的研究

对西双版纳海巴戟炭疽病进行调查和病原菌鉴定。结果表明,海巴戟炭疽病周年发生,8月的发病率和病情指数最高,分别为40.76%和8.9。根据病原菌形态特征,将其鉴定为瓜类炭疽菌［Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk. &; Mont)］。有关温度、pH、光照和碳源对病原菌孢子萌发和附着胞形成影响的研究显示,20～35 ℃,海巴戟炭疽病菌分生孢子萌发率高,20 ℃是形成附着胞的最适温度;最适合海巴戟炭疽病菌分生孢子萌发和形成附着胞的pH为4～8;在日光灯连续光照、12 h光暗交替和自然光照射条件下分生孢子萌发率在90%以上,光照对此病原菌附着胞形成的影响差异不大;1%葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、D果糖和α 乳糖溶液中孢子萌发率都不高。     

Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Solanum lycopersicoides is Dominant in Hybrids with Tomato, and Involves induced Hyphal Death

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold disease and affects hundreds of plant species, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The wild nightshade, Solanum lycopersicoides, is cross compatible with tomato and is more resistant to B. cinerea, thus representing a potential source for crop improvement. Tests involving droplet inoculation of detached leaves and spray inoculation of entire seedlings demonstrated that resistance to B. cinerea varies among S. lycopersicoides accessions, with S. lycopersicoides LA2951 being the most resistant accession tested. Expression of resistance in the intergeneric hybrid (L. esculentum cv. 'VF36' × S. lycopersicoides LA2951) suggested that resistance is at least partially dominant in tomato. A green fluorescent protein-tagged B. cinerea strain was used for confocal microscopic comparison of infection in leaves of S. lycopersicoides and tomato. Even though S. lycopersicoides supported spore germination, there was evidence for hyphal lysis and death 3 days after inoculation, at a time when lesions were expanding on susceptible tomato plants. The reduced frequency of B. cinerea lesion spread on S. lycopersicoides explains why this fungus produced fewer spores in this wild nightshade than in tomato.     

Germination and appressorium formation of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara can be inhibited by reduced concentration of Blasin®Flowable with carbon dioxide microbubbles

We investigated the possibility to reduce the usage of Blasin^®Flowable (BF), a disinfectant inhibiting the germination and appressorium formation of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara conidia, by using carbon dioxide microbubbles (CO₂MB). Germination was significantly inhibited by 10 000-fold diluted BF solution containing CO₂MB generated by the decompression-type generator compared to CO₂ millibubbles (CO₂MMB) and CO₂MB generated by the gas-water circulating-type generator. Appressorium formation in the 10 000-fold diluted BF solution containing both CO₂MBs was less than that in CO₂MMB. Scanning electron microscopy showed wrinkles and dents on the surface of conidia treated with 5 000-fold diluted BF solution containing both CO₂MBs. Via transmission electron microscopy, we observed the expansion of the vacuole and the intracellular space and bloated or absent lipid granules in the conidia treated with BF solution containing both CO₂MBs. Our results show that inhibition of the conidium germination and appressorium formation of P. oryzae Cavara by 10 000-fold diluted BF solution could be achieved by using the decompression-type CO₂MB.     

基于RNA-Seq的稻瘟病菌Δznf1突变体的表达谱分析

【目的】稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)引起的水稻稻瘟病是威胁全球水稻生产的重要病害之一,而该菌附着胞介导的侵染又是病害循环的重要环节。在前期的研究中发现一个编码C_2H_2锌指结构的转录因子基因ZNF1,参与稻瘟病菌附着胞形成、穿透和致病过程,论文旨在从转录水平上了解受Znf1调控的基因及其调控机理,为深入研究稻瘟病菌致病分子机理提供基础数据。【方法】利用RNA-Seq技术对稻瘟病菌野生型菌株Guy11和突变体Δznf1的营养菌丝体进行表达谱测序,采用FPKM法计算基因表达量,以FDR≤0.001且log2 ratio(Δznf1/Guy11)≥1为筛选标准,获得Δznf1中差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs);通过与Gene Ontology(GO)数据库和KEGG Pathway数据库比对,获得差异基因可能的生物学功能和参与的分子调控途径。为了更详细地研究受Znf1调控的基因,在同样的条件下,利用RNA-Seq技术对稻瘟病菌丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)编码基因PMK1的缺失突变体进行表达谱分析,通过对Δznf1和Δpmk1中的差异表达基因进行比较,筛选受Znf1和Pmk1共同调控的基因,并与前人的研究数据比较,分析获得在稻瘟病菌附着胞发育阶段上调表达但在Δznf1和Δpmk1中同时下调表达的基因。【结果】与野生型Guy11相比,Δznf1中共有709个差异表达基因,其中上调表达的有299个,下调表达的有410个;GO功能富集分析显示差异表达基因归类到生物学过程、细胞组分和分子功能上的基因数目分别有118、299和308个;KEGG Pathway富集分析显示,这些差异表达基因主要参与代谢途径、次生代谢物质生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢等。一些已知的稻瘟病菌致病相关基因,如LPP3、HOX7、PBS2、MPG1等,在Δznf1中表达水平下调。与Δpmk1中差异表达基因比较发现,Δznf1中约56%的差异表达基因同时也受Pmk1调控。其中,编码isotrichodermin C-15羟化酶的3个基因MGG_03825、MGG_02329和MGG_08498,在Δznf1和Δpmk1中的表达水平均显著下调。此外,在附着胞阶段上调表达的48个基因,在Δznf1和Δpmk1中同时下调表达,表明这些与附着胞形成可能相关的基因直接或间接受Znf1和Pmk1调控。采用q RT-PCR方法随机检测10个基因的表达情况,结果与RNA-Seq数据基本一致,说明本试验RNA-Seq数据的可靠性。【结论】RNA-Seq分析获得了受Znf1调控的基因信息和可能的生物学功能。一些与稻瘟病菌致病相关的基因受Znf1调控。此外,与Pmk1类似,一些在附着胞阶段上调表达的基因也同时受Znf1调控。结果可为进一步研究Znf1下游基因调控网络提供信息。     

ZJUF0986活性代谢产物对稻瘟病菌致病性的影响

通过菌丝生长速率法和悬滴法测定ZJUF0986活性代谢产物对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发和附着胞形成的影响。结果表明,ZJUF0986活性代谢产物对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长的有效中浓度EC50为18.55mg/L,与对照药剂三环唑的EC50(17.30mg/L)相比无显著性差异。活性代谢产物不仅影响孢子萌发,也显著降低附着胞的形成。浓度为10mg/L的活性代谢物可完全抑制孢子萌发及附着胞的形成;浓度为1.25mg/L时则明显延缓孢子萌发及附着胞的形成,处理48h后的孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率分别为62.17%和38.46%。以浓度为1.25mg/L活性代谢产物处理的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液接种离体大麦叶片,病原菌孢子在大麦叶片表面能部分萌发形成附着胞,但侵染栓形成延迟,致病性明显降低。     

Light and scanning electron microscopy studies of the early infection stages of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus on Fraxinus excelsior

The ontogeny and morphology of infection structures associated with the early stages of infection of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus on common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) leaves and leaf petioles were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Ascospores were produced in mature ascocarps and infections on ash leaves were first observed 2 weeks later. Ascospores developed germ tubes, followed by appressorium formation and penetration of epidermal cells on ash leaves and petioles. Chalara fraxinea spores, the anamorph of H. pseudoalbidus, appeared and were arranged in chains, surrounded by a membranous sheath, and varied considerably in size and shape. Host invasion and colonization of all cell types of leaves and petioles were observed using light microscopy. The role of leaves and petioles as sites of infection in the life cycle of H. pseudoalbidus and the disease cycle of ash dieback is discussed.     

香蕉黑星病菌侵入前发育的Ca2+/CaM依赖信号研究

测定Phyllosticta musarum 在不同疏水性的人工表面上的孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率,以及Ca2+,CaM依赖信号系统是否参与了P.musarum侵入前阶段的发育调控.结果表明,P.musarum在侵染寄主时形成一种专门的附着胞作为侵染结构,刚性的疏水表面有利于诱导P musarum分生孢子的萌发.刚性表面则有利于附着胞的形成,而对这种与侵染相关的特化结构即附着胞的发育影响不显著.加入外源Ca2+,不论浓度如何都能促进分生孢子萌发,而附着胞形成率在高浓度外源Ca2+存在时则明显下降.Ca2+敖合剂EGTA有抑制孢子萌发和附着胞形成的作用,但在EGTA中加入Ca2+载体A23187和CaCl2可部分缓解EGTA的这种抑制作用.磷酸酯酶C(PLC)抑制剂Neomycin可以抑制附着胞形成.Ca2+通道阻断剂TMB-8和Nicaldipine,CaM拈抗剂Chloropromazine在微摩尔剂量水平上均可抑制附着胞形成.证明由Caz+/CaM信号系统控制的生化过程参与了P.musarum在寄主香蕉表面侵入前的形态建成.