3种植物源农药对蓝莓蚜虫的室内毒力测定及田间防效

[目的] 通过室内毒力测定及田间药效试验评定3种植物源农药对蓝莓蚜虫的防治效果。[方法] 分别采用浸叶法和常规喷雾法进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。[结果] 室内毒力测定结果表明3种植物源农药中以0.3%印楝素乳油对蓝莓蚜虫毒力最高,药后48h的LC50值为11.20mg.L-1,3种供试植物源农药相对于22%氟啶虫胺腈的毒力指数均小于1,说明3种植物源农药的毒力显著低于22%氟啶虫胺腈的毒力。田间药效试验结果表明3种植物源农药在各供试浓度下防治效果随药后天数增加而增加,但其防治效果均显著低于22%氟啶虫胺腈的处理,单就3种植物源农药看,苦参碱对蚜虫防效最佳,在药后5d,苦参碱不同浓度防效均在71.64%以上,0.3%印楝素次之,而鱼藤酮对蓝莓蚜虫的防效较差。[结论] 在进行有机生产或蚜虫虫口密度低且对环境安全有较高要求时,蓝莓生产中可以选择苦参碱来降低蚜虫种群基数。     

便携式柑橘虫害实时检测系统的研制与试验

为实现柑橘虫害的快速、准确识别,帮助果农及时掌握果园内虫害的危害程度和分布情况,该研究结合嵌入式图像处理技术设计了一套基于深度卷积神经网络的柑橘虫害实时检测系统。优选MoblieNet作为虫害图像特征提取网络,区域候选网络生成害虫的初步位置候选框,快速区域卷积神经网络（Faster Region Convolutional Neural Networks,Faster R-CNN）实现候选框的分类和定位。检测系统根据目标图像中虫害数量计算危害程度,按照正常、轻度、中度、重度4个等级判定柑橘虫害的严重程度,形成虫害识别与级别定量化测评软件。最后引入北斗模块获取采样点位置信息,进一步处理成可视化的虫害热力图。结果表明,该方法可实现对柑橘红蜘蛛和蚜虫的快速准确检测,识别准确率分别达到91.0%和89.0%,单帧图像平均处理速度低至286 ms。该系统实现了柑橘虫害的精准识别与定位,可为农药喷洒作业提供精准信息服务。     

Simulation modelling of potato virus Y spread in relation to initial inoculum and vector activity

Potato virus Y(PVY) is a non-persistent virus that is transmitted by many aphid species and causes significant damage to potato production. We constructed a spatially-explicit model simulating PVY spread in a potato field and used it to investigate possible effects of transmission efficiency, initial inoculum levels, vector behavior, vector abundance, and timing of peak vector activity on PVY incidence at the end of a simulated growing season. Lower PVY incidence in planted seed resulted in lower virus infection at the end of the season. However, when populations of efficient PVY vectors were high, significant PVY spread occurred even when initial virus inoculum was low. Non-colonizing aphids were more important for PVY spread compared to colonizing aphids, particularly at high densities. An early-season peak in the numbers of noncolonizing aphids resulted in the highest number of infected plants in the end of the season, while mid-and late-season peaks caused relatively little virus spread. Our results highlight the importance of integrating different techniques to prevent the number of PVY-infected plants from exceeding economically acceptable levels instead of trying to control aphids within potato fields. Such management plans should be implemented very early in a growing season.     

Reproductive polyphenism and its advantages in aphids: Switching between sexual and asexual reproduction

Reproductive polyphenism, which allows one genotype to produce sexual and asexual morphs, is an extreme case of phenotypic plasticity and is commonly observed in aphids. Aphids are typical species that switch these reproductive modes, and the pathway orientation is triggered by the environmental conditions(mainly photoperiod and temperature). The typical annual life of aphids includes a succession of parthenogenetic generations during the spring and summer and a single sexual generation in autumn. In this review, we describe how the environmental cues orientate the reproductive mode of aphids from photoperiodic perception to endocrine regulation, and how juvenile hormones may act on the target cells(oocytes) to initiate the gametogenesis and embryogenesis in sexual and asexual reproduction. We also discuss the paradox of sex, especially the advantages of sexual reproduction in aphids. With the recent development of genomic resources in aphids, many potential genes involved in the reproductive polyphenism will enter the public's awareness. In particular, we describe a novel RNAi method in aphids, which may provide a molecular technique for determining the developmental fate and multiple reproductive strategies.     

植物凝集素对蚜虫的抗生效应

凝集素在植物的防御体系中起着重要作用。采用全纯营养液人工饲养技术对４种植物凝集素的抗蚜效应进行了测试。结果表明,天南星凝集素（ＡＭＡ）在低浓度（１０ｇ／Ｌ）时即对棉蚜有明显的致死性和降低生殖、抑制发育进程的作用。而棉花凝集素（ＧＨＡ）和蓖麻凝集素（ＲＣＡ）在较高浓度（２０ｇ／Ｌ）下才显示抗蚜效应。伴刀豆凝集素（ＣｏｎＡ）对棉蚜抗生作用不明显。这为进一步分离具有高效杀蚜活性的凝集素基因并应用于抗虫基因工程奠定了基础。     

棉花苗蚜特定时间生命表及其防治指标的研究

该技术体系包括３部分内容：１）棉花苗蚜特定时间生命表及其应用系统；内含小苗期和大苗期２个特定时间生命表，可根据生命表中的生命期望值（ＥＸ）大于１来确定防治关键期，用它指导防治苗蚜，可减少用药１～３次；２）棉花苗蚜为害程度与产量损失优化模型系统。即卷叶株率（ｘ）与产量损失（ｙ）的优化模型：小苗期ｙ（１～３真叶期）＝－０．３８９０＋０．３８８６Ｘ，大苗期为（ｙ）（４～８真叶期）＝９．５６６２＋０．２３０７ｘ，其小苗期和大苗期经济允许为害损失水平分别为４．１３％和１５．９％．３）其卷叶株率（ｙ）与百株蚜量（ｘ）的回归预测式为：小苗期为ｙ（１～３真叶期）＝４．２３８４＋０．０３５１Ｘ，大苗期为ｙ（４～８真叶期）＝１８．６３２６＋０．００６９Ｘ．因此，在中低产棉区，棉花苗蚜小苗期的防治指标为卷叶株率１１．６７％或百株蚜量２１２头，大苗期苗蚜防治指标为卷叶株率２７．４６％或百株蚜量１４６０头。     

小麦蚜虫无公害防治用药筛选试验

[目的]筛选出用于小麦蚜虫无公害防治的杀虫剂。[方法]以虫口减退率和防治效果为评价指标,对5.0%啶虫脒乳油、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油和50.0%甲基对硫磷乳油无公害防治小麦蚜虫进行了筛选试验。[结果]药后1 d,溴氰菊酯乳油的防治效果最好,虫口减退率88.93%,防效91.23%;啶虫脒乳油的防治效果最差。药后7 d,啶虫脒乳油的防治效果最好,虫口减退率85.99%,防效96.75%,与其他药剂存在极显著差异(P<0.01);除甲基对硫磷乳油外,其他3种药剂均未对小麦产生药害,但对天敌有一定的杀伤作用,而甲基对硫磷乳油对天敌的杀伤力较强。[结论]5.0%啶虫脒乳油、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油是防治小麦蚜虫的理想药剂,可完全取代高毒农药。     

3%啶虫脒乳油对4种蚜虫的田间防治效果

1998～1999年在山西太原进行3%啶虫脒乳油防治棉蚜、麦蚜、菜蚜和苹果黄蚜田间小区药效试验。结果表明 ,啶虫脒对这几种蚜虫均有良好的防治效果。使用3%啶虫脒乳油0.6～0.9g(a.i.)/667m2 或10～20mg/kg稀释液 ,在蚜虫发生盛期喷雾防治 ,防治效果可达90%以上 ,持效期棉蚜、麦蚜、菜蚜可达10d以上 ,苹果黄蚜可达15d以上 ,与生产上推广使用的10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂1.5g(a.i.)/667m2或25mg/kg稀释液防效相当。是一种理想的防治农作物蚜虫可供选择药剂     

蚕豆蚜日龄、翅型和寄生对其共生菌胞变化的影响

初生内共生菌与宿主蚜虫的营养代谢密切相关.本文观察了蚕豆蚜Aphis fabae不同翅型的共生菌胞随宿主蚜虫生长发育的变化规律,以及饥饿和混合柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus confusus寄生对共生菌胞的影响.菌胞数量和体积随发育进程和翅型的变化而呈现有规律的变化:随若蚜发育而逐渐增大,然后随胎生蚜产生而逐渐减少;无翅蚜的菌胞数量和体积均显著大于有翅蚜.随饥饿时间的延长,菌胞数量和体积迅速直线下降,而重新取食后又可迅速恢复.蚕豆蚜被混合柄瘤蚜茧蜂寄生后的第3d,菌胞数量显著多于未寄生蚜虫,此后则明显少于未寄生蚜虫,从第4d的119个·头-1降至第6d的46个·头-1.研究结果说明,蚜虫共生菌胞的变化与宿主蚜虫翅型、发育、外源营养以及蚜茧蜂寄生等密切关联.     

Virulence of Verticillium lecanii (Z.) against cereal aphids; does timing of infection affect the performance of parasitoids and predators?

BACKGROUND: Entomopathogenic fungi such as Verticillium lecanii (Z.) (Mycotal^®) are used for pest control as an alternative to chemical control. In this study, the effect of V. lecanii on cereal aphids is assessed. In addition, an investigation is carried out to determine whether the use of V. lecanii affects the performance of two natural enemies of aphids, the predator Harmonia axyridis (P.) and the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (V.), in no‐choice experiments under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: The number of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) killed was increased by increasing the concentration of V. lecanii. The timing of application of fungus to aphids affected the efficacy of other biocontrol agents, a parasitoid and a predator. Parasitation by A. colemani (V.) in both cereal aphids (S. avenae and R. padi) was not affected by V. lecanii when aphids were first treated with V. lecanii and then exposed to A. colemani. The emergence of adults from parasitised mummies was, however, lower in infected aphids than in uninfected aphids when the aphids were first exposed to the parasitoids and then treated with fungus. The female sex ratio in the emerging adults was lower in V. lecanii‐treated aphids in both species. When aphids were first treated with V. lecanii, 72 h before predation, fewer aphids of both species were consumed by H. axyridis (P.). CONCLUSION: Use of entomopathogenic fungus as a biological control agent could be a complementary strategy in an integrated pest management programme against cereal aphids, but it can reduce the efficiency of other biocontrol agents (parasitoids and predators) when applied simultaneously. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry