天鹅湖沉积物对磷的吸附动力学及等温吸附特征

以荣成天鹅湖这一天然泻湖为研究对象,研究了6个样点沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和等温吸附方程,并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附参数间的关系.结果表明,天鹅湖不同区域沉积物对磷的吸附动力学均符合二级动力学方程,吸附反应主要在前10h内完成,且0～2h内反应迅速.根据Langmuir模型,6个样点沉积物对磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)的范围为294.12～1 111.11 mg/kg,其中湖区北部和中部沉积物的吸附能力高于南部.沉积物对水体中磷的吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)的变幅为0.002 ～ 0.033 mg/L,其与沉积物本底吸附态磷(NAP)呈较弱的正相关关系.本研究条件下,大部分样点的EPC0小于上覆水中磷的浓度,其中湖区西北部和东南部沉积物中磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势.沉积物的NAP与总氮、有机质、活性铝和黏粒间均呈显著正相关,Qmax与铁铝结合态磷、有机质、活性铝和粉粒间呈显著的正相关关系.活性铝、有机质和粒度是影响沉积物磷吸附的主要因素.     

The status and conservation of whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) in China

There are five species of swan in the world. Three of them were recorded in China. They are whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), whistling swan (Cygnus columbianus) and mute swan (Cygnus olor). Among them. whooper swan is the most famous in China. Whooper swan is a resident bird in China. They breed in Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region. Inner Mongol Autonomous Region. Heilongjiang Province. etc., and winter in Qinghai. Shandong. Henan Province, etc, and the lower reaches of the Changjiang River. The total number in China is about 5.000 in breeding grounds and 15.000 in wintering grounds. Higher number were found in 1960s. Because of the changes in environment and hunting, of picking up eggs and of catching nestlings, their population is being reduced rapidly. They are in danger now. In order to protect the whooper swans, some protection measures must be taken, such as strengthening public education and scientific research, estabilshing a base of raising and breeding: developing international cooperation, strengthening the construction of natural reserves in the breeding and wintering grounds. Up to the end of 1993. 34 natural reserves have been established in China. (Responsible Editor: Sun Yueqi)     

Plant Diseases

Abstract

Following declining numbers in some areas in the 1980s, Mute Swan numbers have shown a marked increase in recent years. In some areas, such as the Wylye Valley in Wiltshire, this increase has been accompanied by complaints of damage caused to farming and fishing interests. The population dynamics of this population of Mute Swans is described, including its habitat preferences, and these findings are related to possible management options. As the Wylye catchment already receives immigrants from unknown sources, culling and translocation are not appropriate solutions to prevent agricultural damage. A combination of scaring, repellents and the provision of alternative food sources could provide the most successful long‐term management. Whilst different techniques may be needed to resolve the fishing problem, it is considered that integration of selected management options is most likely to provide maximum benefit.     

长江天鹅洲故道鲢、鳙、草鱼和青鱼种群特征与数量变动的初步研究

本文报道兴建中的长江天鹅洲“四大家鱼”天然种质资源库中鲢、鳙、草鱼与青鱼的生长，死亡特性和资源数量变动规律。对这4种鱼生长参数值的比较分析表明，天鹅洲故道鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼基本维持了长江天然群体的优良生长特性，1991年度，故道渔获量为71.8万公斤，其中“四大家鱼”产量8，8万公斤，鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼的死亡率分别为0.66、0.77，0.86、0.86，。四大家鱼”的年资源补充量为16.7万尾，平均资源重量为7.28万公斤，目前该故道渔业所存在的主要问题是过度捕捞，为了发挥种质资源库的预期效应，建议将。四大家鱼。的开捕年龄定为3龄，严禁捕捞其当年幼鱼，捕捞强度控制在0.3～0.5间，以期故道鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼的持续产量保持在30万公斤左右，     

石首市天鹅洲湿地资源保护与生态旅游开发

湿地是地球上水陆相互作用形成的独特生态系统,是重要的生存环境和自然界最具生物多样性的生态景观之一,具有巨大的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益,也为生态旅游提供了得天独厚的自然条件。以保护湿地资源为前提,结合天鹅洲湿地自然保护区的保护与开发现状,提出了保护与生态旅游开发的策略。     

大尤路都斯大天鹅数量动态

本文提供了从1989年初至1990年末在巴音布鲁克大尤路都斯盆地对大天鹅(Cygnuscygnus)数量及其繁殖状况调查的结果。该地区1989年秋有大天鹅5820只,1990年增加到6850只,增长率为17.7%。本文还分析了大天鹅数量变化原因。     

无机解磷菌对天鹅湖瀉湖沉积物内源磷释放的影响

为研究解磷菌对荣成天鹅湖瀉湖沉积物内源磷释放的影响,以前期筛选的3株无机解磷菌和表层沉积物为试验材料进行室内模拟试验,分析了不同解磷菌接种条件下水体总磷及pH、Eh等参数的动态变化,比较了试验前后沉积物各形态无机磷的含量差异。结果表明,在试验前期,各解磷菌处理水体的pH均不同程度下降,其中沉积物灭菌组和非灭菌组分别降至6.46～6.88和6.66～6.78。试验期间各处理水体Eh不断下降,结束时沉积物-水界面呈厌氧状态。灭菌条件下解磷菌的接种明显促进了沉积物磷的释放,试验后期各加菌处理水体的总磷含量远高于对照;未灭菌条件下水体总磷上升较慢且总体水平较低,不同解磷菌处理间差异较小。试验结束时,大部分加菌处理沉积物中HCl-P(钙结合态磷)含量下降了19.92～50.08 mg·kg^-1,BD-P(可还原态磷)含量下降1.81～4.19 mg·kg^-1,而NaOH-P(铁铝结合态磷)未下降。研究表明,无机解磷菌的接种可明显降低上覆水pH,从而使得沉积物中HCl-P溶解释放;HCl-P为天鹅湖沉积物磷的主要赋存形态,在解磷菌作用下其对上覆水体磷水平...     

Maternal transfer of antibodies specific for avian influenza viruses in captive whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)

The transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring can effectively protect against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection during early life in chickens and can prevent AIV spread by decreasing the overall percentage of the avian population susceptible to this pathogen. Herein, we evaluated maternal antibody transfer dynamics in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus), which represent an important AIV host species. In total, 57 eggs from 19 nests were collected to study the relationship between egg yolk AIV-specific antibody concentrations and factors including egg size, laying order, maternal serum AIV antibody titer, and maternal body condition. Overall, we found that AIV-specific antibodies were present in the serum of 63.2 % of surveyed female swans and were transferred to 50.8 % of analyzed eggs. We found maternal AIV-specific antibody concentration and body weight to be positively correlated with egg yolk AIV antibody concentration, whereas egg laying order was negatively correlated with yolk antibody titer. Overall, these findings maternal transfer of AIV-specific antibodies may function as a key mechanism governing the dynamics of AIV infection in swan populations.     

Mute swan grazing on winter crops: Evaluation of three grazing deterrents on oilseed rape

The population of mute swans Cygnus olor (Gmelin) in the UK has increased since 1986 to >25 000 birds, leading to increased complaints of damage to winter crops, and the need for cost-effective management measures. Using a randomized block design in a split-field experiment, the effectiveness of three licensed grazing deterrents was evaluated for mute swans feeding on oil-seed rape: (1) a ziram-based chemical repellent (AAprotect TM at 10 kg ha -1 ), (2) white flags (25 flags ha -1 ), and (3) hazard warning tape (1000 m ha -1 ) with twine (400 m ha -1 ). Deterrents and control (no treatment) were assigned to one of four plots (approximately 1 ha) in each of four fields. From 4 December 1998 to 26 March 1999, grazing intensity was estimated by counting mute swan droppings on plots at approximately 2-week intervals. Over the entire study (10 - 15 weeks depending on field), total numbers of droppings did not differ significantly between treatments. Over the initial 8 weeks, however, droppings were significantly lower on tape/twine. Tape/twine may therefore potentially be cost-effective in reducing mute swan grazing, and further work is recommended to refine the technique.     

鸿雁源鸭甲肝炎病毒Ⅰ型的分离与鉴定

为了对一起死亡率高达91．3％、急性死亡的鸿雁病例进行病原学分析,通过细菌分离排除法和病毒分离方法获得致鸭胚死亡病毒（暂命名为FJ-017株）。该病毒无血凝活性,用鹅细小病毒、番鸭细小病毒、鸭呼肠孤病毒、鸭甲肝炎病毒1型、鸭瘟病毒、鸭坦布苏病毒特异引物分别进行扩增,电泳结果显示,仅鸭甲肝炎病毒1型引物可扩增出条带。将扩增产物回收后克隆,序列分析表明FJ-017株与22株DHAV-1参考株的同源率为93．5％-99％,而与DHAV-2和DHAV-3参考株的同源性均为79．9％。遗传进化分析表明FJ-017株与DHAV-1关系密切,在进化树中共处一分支,表明FJ-017株为鸭甲肝炎病毒1型,此为国内外首次报道。