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Ernst L. Back 《Journal of Wood Science》2002,48(3):167-170
There is a general pattern of resin chemistry for parenchyma cells and secretory tissue. In sapwood the parenchyma resin is composed of fats, steryl esters, and occasionally waxes. Secretory tissue (most often resin canals) contains terpenes, terpenoids, and polyisoprenes. Other types of canal resin occur in a few hardwood families. The pattern is valid for softwoods and hardwoods. It has been defined from a comparison of available information on wood chemistry, wood anatomy, and the chemistry of oleoresin exudates from trees. This is a short overview with the most important references of two detailed reports. 相似文献
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Variations in the composition of low boiling point (LBP) monoterpenes emitted from needle samples of 150 hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse) trees (30 strains, each with five clones) native to Shimane Prefecture, Japan, were investigated using a headspace technique.
The assays revealed considerable proportional variations especially in the amount of sabinene, which ranged from 24% to 78%
of the total LBP monoterpenes. The proportions of α-pinene, myrcene, and limonene negatively correlated with that of sabinene overall. In particular, the proportion of limonene
showed clear negative correlation with that of sabinene (r = −0.98). Differences in the proportion of sabinene among five
clones in each strain were less than 15% in 22 out of 30 strains, indicating that monoterpene composition is constitutively
steady in most strains. In a few strains, however, considerable variation in the composition was observed among clones. 相似文献
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文心兰具有很高的观赏价值,但花香形成分子机制研究相对薄弱。本研究以香水文心、黄梦香和白梦香为材料,利用气相色谱-质谱分析其花香挥发物成分。结果表明,3个品种的花香挥发物均以萜类化合物为主,但种类差异较大。盛花期花香挥发物总量由高到低依次为黄梦香、香水文心、白梦香。从转录组数据中共获得459 756个单基因(unigenes),大约40.61%的unigenes被公共数据库注释。MEP和MVA途径中的多数基因在黄梦香中表达量最高,香水文心次之,白梦香最低,与花香挥发物释放总量相符。转录组数据中共筛选出5个显著差异表达的萜类合成酶基因(TPS)。其中,OnTPS4在3个品种中均高表达,说明OnTPS4在3个品种中对香气的形成起重要作用;OnTPS1、OnTPS2和OnTPS5在香水文心中表达偏高,是调控香水文心萜类挥发物形成的重要基因;OnTPS3在黄梦香中表达较高,是调控黄梦香萜类挥发物形成的重要基因。由上述结果可知,MEP和MVA途径的基因表达水平与花香挥发物释放总量相一致,TPS的表达与具体萜类挥发物释放密切相关。 本研究通过花香形成机理研究,为文心兰花香改良提供了依据。 相似文献
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The essential oils from many botanicals have been screened for insecticidal activity. Two constituents of the Alaskan yellow cedar tree, the monoterpenoid carvacrol and the sesquiterpenoid nootkatone, both are toxic against several arthropods. The mode of action through which nootkatone and carvacrol exert their insecticidal activity remains uncertain. It has been hypothesized that they may inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. The degree of acetylcholinesterase inhibition of carvacrol and nootkatone was compared to that of carbaryl, a known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in the house fly (Musca domestica), yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The concentration of carbaryl, at which 50% of the acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited (IC50), was less than 2 μM in all four arthropod models. Carvacrol was observed to cause slight inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in house flies, ticks and cockroaches, but it did not inhibit the mosquito acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Nootkatone did not inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in any of the four arthropod models tested. From this study, we conclude that the acetylcholinesterase inhibition is not likely the primary mode of action for insecticidal activity by nootkatone or carvacrol. 相似文献
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The quantities of some extractives in the heartwood of 25 plus tree clones of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) from two different sites were investigated to clarify the differences in antitermite properties in relation to clones and
environmental factors. The measured compounds were cubebol, epicubebol, sandaracopimarinol, and ferruginol. The total amounts
of extractives were calculated from gas chromatogram peak areas. The heartwoods from Tano (Tano Forest Research Station, Miyazaki
University; 31° N, 131° E, 130 m asl) tended to contain more of the individual extractives and total extractives than those
from Komenono (Komenono Forest Research Station, Ehime University; 33° N, 132° E, 700 m asl). There was a significant difference
(calculated by analysis of variance) at the 1% level among clones at both sites in quantities of total and individual extractives.
This result suggests that the qualities and quantities of heartwood extractives are largely affected by genetic factors. Spearman’s
rank correlation with the average of the extractive quantities at the sites was investigated. The correlation coefficients
of total extractives, cubebol, epicubebol, sandaracopimarinol, and ferruginol were 0.61, 0.85, 0.76, 0.67, and 0.74, respectively.
This result means that the order of the amounts of these compounds among the cultivars could be maintained at different sites.
It is apparent that both environmental and genetic factors affected the quantities of these extractives in the heartwoods
of Japanese cedar. 相似文献
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A. Boba A. Kulma K. Kostyn M. Starzycki E. Starzycka J. Szopa 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2011,76(1):39-47
Flax engineering to yield increased resistance to pathogens is the goal of this study. Since carotenoids act as antioxidants it is thus postulated that the accumulation of a higher quantity of these compounds in the transgenic plants might improve their resistance to pathogen infection.Our approach was based on the generation of transgenic flax overproducing carotene and analysis of its susceptibility to Fusarium infection. For transformation bacterial gene – crtB was used. As expected, transgenic plants showed increased resistance against pathogen infection.The impact of carotenoids on plant resistance to infection was verified by generation and analysis of transgenic flax with decreased content of carotene. The transgenic plants were obtained by suppression of endogenous flax gene coding for lycopene β-cyclase. Plant analysis revealed decrease in carotene content, however, an unexpected increase in resistance against Fusarium infection was detected. Further analysis of metabolites in the plants revealed that an increase in accumulation of other terpenoids and tocopherols, squalene and menthol were among them. Thus, it is suggested that repression of carotene synthesis results in the redirecting of substrates to other branches of isoprenoids synthesis.We conclude that a general level of antioxidants rather than the presence of any particular compound is the most important factor in resistance of the flax plant to pathogen infection. 相似文献