Acquired resistance triggered by elicitins in tobacco and other plants

Elicitins are a family of proteins excreted byPhytophthora spp. They exhibit high sequence homology but large net charge differences. They induce necrosis in tobacco plants which then become resistant to the tobacco pathogenPhytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae. In stem-treated plants, resistance was not restricted to the site of elicitin application, but could be demonstrated by petiole inoculation at all levels on the stem. Resistance was already maximum after two days and lasted for at least two weeks. It was effective not only towardsP. p. var.nicotianae infection, but also against the unrelated pathogenSclerotinia sclerotiorum. In contrast to dichloroisonicotinic acid, an artificial inducer of systemic acquired resistance, which was increasingly effective with doses ranging from 0.25 to 5mole per plant, the basic elicitin cryptogein exhibited a threshold effect, inducing near total resistance and extensive leaf necrosis above 0.1 nmole per plant. Between 1 and 5 nmole, acidic elicitins (capsicein and parasiticein) protected tobacco plants with hardly any necrotic symptom. Elicitins exhibited similar effects in various tobacco cultivars andNicotiana species, although with quantitative differences, but induced neither necrosis nor protection in other SolanaceÆ (tomato, petunia and pepper). Among 24 additional species tested belonging to 18 botanical families, only some BrassicaceÆ, noticeably rape, exhibited symptoms in response to elicitins, in a cultivar-specific manner. Elicitins appear to be natural specific triggers for systemic acquired resistance and provide a tool for unraveling the mechanisms leading to its establishment.Abbreviations AR acquired resistance - HR hypersensitive response - INA 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid - Ppn Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae - SAR systemic acquired resistance     

油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵和乙霉威的抗药性机理

生物测定结果表明,油菜菌核病菌田间菌株对多菌灵(MBC)敏感性表型呈多样性,即存在MBCS、MBCLRLR、MBCHRHR和MBCVHR表型.而对乙霉威(DIE)则只检测到DIES和DIEHR表型.MBCS、MBCLR和MBCHR菌株中除JD2-3菌株为DIES外,其余菌株均为DIEHR,MBCVHR菌株对DIE表现为DIES.MBC和DIE之间存在典型的负相关交互抗性.序列分析结果表明,表型为MBCVHRDIES菌株的β-微管蛋白基因,第198位氨基酸由Glu(GAG)突变为Ala(GCG);表型为MBCHRDIEHR菌株的β-微管蛋白基因的突变位点在第200位,由Phe(TTC)突变为Tyr(TAC);而表型为MBCSDIES和MBCLRDIEHR的菌株在所扩增的β-微管蛋白基因片段中未发生突变.初步表明,β-微管蛋白基因198和200位氨基酸的突变是引起油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵抗药性呈多样性的分子机理.     

草酸对重寄生真菌盾壳霉分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

 本文研究了草酸对核盘菌的重寄生真菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:草酸对盾壳霉分生孢子萌发没有明显促进作用,在酸碱性非缓冲基质(水琼脂)和酸碱性缓冲基质中,抑制盾壳霉分生孢子萌发的最低浓度分别为150和700μg/mL。在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基中,当草酸浓度为100~2000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且浓度为300~500μg/mL的草酸对盾壳霉的菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用。在以草酸为唯一碳源的合成培养基中,在酸碱性非缓冲的条件下,当草酸浓度为100~2000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且草酸浓度为500μg/mL时对盾壳霉菌丝生长具有促进作用,而当草酸浓度为2500μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝则停止生长。在酸碱性缓冲的合成基质中,草酸浓度为100~4000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且草酸浓度为1500~2500μg/mL时对盾壳霉菌丝生长具有促进作用。在含草酸钙的混浊培养基(以草酸为唯一碳源)上,盾壳霉菌落区域形成了透明圈。上述结果说明盾壳霉能忍耐一定浓度的草酸而进行分生孢子萌发及菌丝生长,且这种真菌可能对草酸分子具有分解作用。     

粉红粘帚霉67-1菌株寄生核盘菌研究

 用诱捕法从海南乐东县菜园土壤中获得一株对核盘菌菌核具有强寄生能力的粉红粘帚霉(Gliocladium roseum)菌株67-1,寄生频率为100%。该菌的PDA平板回接核盘菌菌核,一周后寄生率可达100%。对峙培养发现其对核盘菌有明显的抑菌带。保湿条件下,该菌孢子在24h内成功侵入核盘菌菌核。切片显微观察证明该菌能高效侵染菌核,造成组织溃解。寄生过程中菌核内蛋白组成发生明显变化。这一菌株在22~35℃均能很好生长,菌丝及产孢最适温度为24℃,产孢量大。认为这一菌株具有良好的菌核病生防应用潜力。     

Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: influence on apothecial production

The effects of different inocula of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans on carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different times of year were assessed. A series of three glasshouse box bioassays was used to compare the effect of five spore-suspension inocula of C. minitans , including three different isolates (Conio, IVT1 and Contans), with a standard maizemeal–perlite inoculum. Apothecial production, as well as viability and C. minitans infection of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia buried in treated soil, were assessed. Maizemeal–perlite inoculum at 10⁷ CFU per cm³ soil reduced sclerotial germination and apothecial production in all three box bioassays, decreasing sclerotial recovery and viability in the second bioassay and increasing C. minitans infection of sclerotia in the first bioassay. Spore-suspension inocula applied at a lower concentration (10⁴ CFU per cm³ soil) were inconsistent in their effects on sclerotial germination in the three box bioassays. Temperature was an important factor influencing apothecial production. Sclerotial germination was delayed or inhibited when bioassays were made in the summer. High temperatures also inhibited infection of sclerotia by C. minitans . Coniothyrium minitans survived these high temperatures, however, and infected the sclerotia once the temperature decreased to a lower level. Inoculum level of C. minitans was an important factor in reducing apothecial production by sclerotia. The effects of temperature on both carpogenic germination of sclerotia and parasitism of sclerotia by C. minitans are discussed.     

1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂对油菜菌核病的防治效果

用100倍、300倍和500倍的1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂稀释液,通过室内离体叶片接菌、田间植株接菌和在自然发病情况下对油菜进行喷施药试验。结果表明,不同倍数稀释液1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂处理对油菜菌核病均有一定的防(抑)治效果。室内离体叶片接菌鉴定其抑制率分别为79.53%、68.27%、26.47%,田间接种鉴定的防治效果分别为30.1%、29.9%、19.12%,在不接种自然发病情况下,防治效果分别达到为70.89%、66.24%、34.20%。由此可见1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂能有效控制油菜菌核病害蔓延发展,保护油菜的运输器官,保护油菜叶片免收危害,确保油菜正常光合作用,增加粒质量和角粒数,增产保产效果明显。     

甘蓝型油菜茎秆菌核病抗性与木质素及其单体比例的相关性分析及QTL定位

菌核病是一类非专一性的植物真菌病原菌,寄主范围广泛,严重危害农作物的生产。对高世代重组自交系群体(RIL)及F₂群体终花期茎秆进行菌核病抗性接种鉴定,根据构建的近红外模型对接种鉴定的茎秆木质素含量、单体组分比例进行测定,并进行相关性分析和QTL定位。结果表明在2013年和2014年RIL群体茎秆菌斑大小与木质素含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为–0.348和–0.286,与单体G/S呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.198和0.167。2014年F₂群体菌斑大小与木质素含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为–0.306,与单体G/S相关性为0.142。F_2:3家系抗(感)植株茎部切片间苯三酚染色观察表明抗性较强的材料木质素含量高于抗性较弱的材料。根据已构建的重组自交系高密度SNP遗传图谱,利用复合区间作图法对上述性状进行QTL分析,共检测到18个QTL,其中9个菌核病抗性相关QTL分布于A05、A06、C04和C06染色体,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为2.38%~12.05%;3个木质素含量QTL分别位于A04、A05和C01染色体,单个QTL可解释表型变异的2.03%~13.75%。6个木质素单体G/S QTL分布于A08、C03和C07染色体,单个QTL可解释表型变异的2.06%~8.66%。本文研究结果为油菜菌核病抗性育种提供了新的思路和理论基础。     

四川省不同地域的核盘菌遗传多样性分析

 核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)属于世界性分布的植物病原真菌,可以危害油菜等多种经济作物。研究不同地域核盘菌的遗传多样性对了解核盘菌的遗传演化过程和指导病害防控具有重要意义。实验采用序列相关扩增多态性(sequence-related amplified polymorphism,SRAP)标记对四川省17个不同地理来源的66株核盘菌菌株的遗传多样性进行了分析。10对检测引物共获得129个位点,其中123个为多态位点,占95.35%。UPGMA聚类结果显示,在相似性系数为0.7时,66个核盘菌菌株分为5类(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ),分别包含60、2、2、1和1个菌株。在相似性系数为0.74时,第Ⅰ类又可分为3个亚类(Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2、Ⅰ-3),分别包含21、37和2个菌株。聚类及组成分分析结果显示,四川省各地区的核盘菌菌株具有较高的遗传多样性,但其遗传变异与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。     

基于文献计量学核盘菌研究现状及趋势分析

核盘菌是当今世界上最难防治的农业植物病原真菌之一,对植物生产危害极大,核盘菌的致病性研究备受国内外专家、学者的关注。本文运用文献计量学方法,统计2002-2017年间SCIE数据库收录的相关核盘菌研究文献1 972篇,通过对论文产出数量和被引次数进行数据分析,综合考量论文的学术影响力,全面反映目前世界核盘菌研究现状及发展态势。核盘菌研究领域科研论文数量呈上升趋势,美国、中国、加拿大是核盘菌研究领域的主要发文国家。Plant Disease和European Journal of Plant Pathology是核盘菌研究领域发文的主要刊源,我国核盘菌相关研究文献数量近年来增长迅速,华中农业大学、中国农业科学院、南京农业大学等是我国核盘菌研究领域科研实力较强的机构。把握时机,加强科研国际合作与交流,增加论文的学术影响力是我国今后的发展方向。     

安徽省油菜菌核病气象等级预报方法研究

为满足现代农业气象业务服务中病虫害发生发展气象等级预报需求,利用安徽省江淮、沿江和皖南3个区域代表站1991—2010年油菜菌核病观测数据和气象资料,通过相关分析,确定影响菌核病发生发展的主要影响时段和气象因子,再通过归一化处理、加权等方法得到影响油菜菌核病发生发展的综合气象条件指数。以综合气象条件指数为自变量,以油菜菌核病加权平均病株率为因变量,采用曲线回归方法,建立不同区域代表站油菜菌核病发生发展气象等级预报模型。模型拟合结果表明：江淮、沿江和皖南地区拟合准确率分别为80%、70%和75%;利用模型对2011—2013年发生情况进行预测,结果显示：江淮地区代表站全部正确,沿江和皖南地区代表站均为2年正确,一年与实际发生情况误差一个等级。建立的模型基本上能满足油菜菌核病气象等级预报业务服务的需求。