河蟹幼体对盐度变化忍受力的初步研究

本试验对河蟹氵蚤Ⅱ～Ⅴ幼体及１～２日龄大眼幼体在盐度变化情况下的忍受力进行了观察，试验结果显示：氵蚤Ⅱ～Ⅲ幼体发育期盐度日降幅不宜大于１‰；氵蚤Ⅳ～Ⅴ幼体发育期盐度日降幅不宜大于２‰～３‰；至１～２日龄大眼幼体阶段盐度日降幅于５‰以下对存活率已无多大影响。     

Effect of nutrient solution salinity and ionic concentration on parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) essential oil yield and content

The growth and essential oil (EO) production of parsley were evaluated in response to salinity and nutrient solution concentrations in a soilless culture. Parsley plants that were 60 days old were potted in a coconut fiber and peat moss medium and were treated with four different nutrient solutions, including T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 nutrient solution was the standard, the T2 and T3 solutions contained incremental macronutrient concentrations with an electrical conductivity (EC) of up to 2.2 and 3.2 dS m^?1, respectively, and the T4 solution was the same as T2 but with sodium chloride (NaCl) and an incremental macronutrient concentration with an EC of 3.2 dS m^?1. Next, these plants were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse with natural daylight in Nador, Morocco. Shoot and root growth significant decreased with increasing EC. However, the salinity that resulted from the addition of NaCl did not affect plant growth in the nutrient solutions. The optimum obtained growth and EO production were 1.2 and 2.2 dS m^?1, respectively. Consequently, the optimum EC value (based on the EO production) of parsley in the soilless culture was 1.2–2.2 dS m^?1.     

Evaluating a multi-level subsurface drainage system for improved drainage water quality

This paper describes a multi-level drainage system, designed to improve drainage water quality. Results are presented from a field scale land reclamation experiment implemented in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales, Australia. A traditional single level drainage system and a multi-level drainage system were compared in the experiment in an irrigated field setting. The single level drainage system consisted of 1.8 m deep drains at 20 m spacing. This configuration is typical of subsurface drainage system design used in the area. The multi-level drainage system consisted of shallow closely spaced drains (3.3 m spacing at 0.75 m depth) underlain by deeper widely spaced drains (20 m spacing at 1.8 m depth). Data on drainage flows and salinity, water table regime and soil salinity were collected over a 2-year period.     

The effects of sodium chloride on ornamental shrubs

The use of saline waters is an option for the irrigation of salt tolerant ornamentals as competition for high quality water increases. However, despite the importance of ornamental shrubs in Mediterranean areas, salt tolerance of such species has received little attention. The aims of our investigation were to quantify the growth response and any injury symptom of 12 widely cultivated ornamental shrubs to irrigation with saline water and to investigate any possible relation with the concentration of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the plants. Species were irrigated with different salinities (10, 40, and 70 mM NaCl) for a 120-day period. At the end of salt treatment, plants were sampled and dry biomass recorded; the relative growth rate (RGR) was also calculated. Root and leaf samples from each species were used to evaluate Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations. Growth rates were significantly reduced in Cotoneaster lacteus, Grevillea juniperina and Pyracantha ‘Harlequin’, which also showed the highest percentage of necrotic leaves. The increasing external NaCl lead to an increase of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in roots and leaves of the different species, although less Na⁺ was accumulated than Cl⁻: growth reduction well correlated with the concentration of Cl⁻ and/or Na⁺ in the leaves. The most sensitive species (i.e. C. lacteus, G. juniperina and Pyracantha ‘Harlequin’) had high concentrations of Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻ in their leaves and also showed a decrease in their leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratios. Even though other species (i.e. Bougainvillea glabra, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucophyllum frutescens and Ruttya fruticosa) demonstrated a high ion concentration in their leaves, they could be considered relatively salt tolerant as there was little growth reduction and few symptoms of injury in the leaves. In some other cases (i.e. Cestrum fasciculatum, Escallonia rubra and Viburnum lucidum) the observed tolerance was related to higher ion concentration in the roots compared to the leaves, probably indicative of a limited transport to the shoots. Only in Eugenia myrtifolia was the absence of symptoms associated with a limited Na⁺ and Cl⁻ uptake from the rhizosphere.     

Irrigation management practices of cabbage farmers in Botswana using saline groundwater

All horticultural production in Botswana is irrigated, as average rainfall is less than average reference evapotranspiration in all parts of the country for all of the year, and most of the irrigation in the country is used for horticultural crops. In the main, the water used for irrigation comes from groundwater, and much of this can be classified as moderately saline. A survey was carried out of 60 cabbage farmers in five regions of the country to identify the level of salinity of irrigation water and the irrigation practices used. It was concluded that there was no relationship between the irrigation rate (average irrigation depth divided by average irrigation interval) and the salinity of the water used or the salinity of the soil, such that some farmers were over-irrigating and others under-irrigating. This means that water is being wasted and yields are likely to be reduced. In addition, there is a risk of long-term build-up of salinity and soil degradation.     

Differential responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) — Rhizobium combinations to saline soil conditions

Summary Chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) and their symbiosis with specific strains of Rhizobium spp. were examined under salt stress. The growth of rhizobia declined with NaCl concentrations increasing from 0.01 to 2% (w : v). Two Rhizobium spp. strains (F-75 and KG 31) tolerated 1.5% NaCl. Of the 10 chickpea cultivars examined, only three (Pusa 312, Pusa 212, and Pusa 240) germinated at 1.5% NaCl. The chickpea — Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was examined in the field, with soil varying in salinity from electrical conductivity (EC) 4.5 to EC 5.2 dSm^-1, to identify combinations giving satisfactory yields. Significant interactions between strains and cultivars caused differential yields of nodules, dry matter, and grain. Four chickpea — Rhizobium spp. combinations, Pusa 240 and F-75 (660 kg ha^-1), Pusa 240 and IC 76 (440 kg ha^-1), Pusa 240 and KG 31 (390 kg ha^-1), and Pusa 312 and KG 31 (380 kg ha^-1), produced significantly higher grain yields in saline soil.     

Response of the pigeonpea-Rhizobium symbiosis to salinity stress: variation among Rhizobium strains in symbiotic ability

Summary There were significant differences among pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] Rhizobium sp. strains (IC 3506, IC 3484, IC 3195, and IC 3087) in their ability to nodulate and fix N₂ under saline conditions. Pigeonpea plants inoculated with IC 3087 and IC 3506 were less affected in growth by salinity levels of 6 and 8 dS m^-1 than plants inoculated with the other strains. For IC 3506, IC 3484, and IC 3195, there was a decrease in the number of nodules with increasing salinity, while the average nodule dry weight and the specific nitrogenase activity remained unaffected. However, in IC 3087, the number of nodules increased slightly with increasing salinity. Leaf-P concentrations increased with salinity in the inoculated plants irrespective of the Rhizobium sp. strain, and leaf-N concentrations decreased with increasing salinity in IC 3484 and IC 3195 only. Shoot-Na and-Cl levels were further increased in these salt-sensitive strains only at 8 dS m^-1. Therefore there may be scope for selecting pigeonpea Rhizobium sp. symbioses better adapted to saline conditions. The Rhizobium sp. strains best able to form effective symbioses at high salinity levels are not necessarily derived from saline soils.Submitted as JA No. 919 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)     

海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐影响因素通径分析

采用通径分析方法研究海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐因素的主次关系结果表明 ,地下水埋深2～ 3m、表层土壤全盐量≤ 5 0g/kg、地表高差≤ 6 6cm地段 ,表层土壤盐渍度主要受心土层盐分状况和微地形因素支配 ,而 6个间接作用中亚表土层全盐量通过心土层全盐量对表层土壤盐分累积的作用最大。     

日本沼虾对碱性湖泊水含盐量的适应性研究

采用室内急性毒性实验法,研究日本沼虾对东北地区碱性湖泊水含盐量的适应能力,探讨碱性湖泊增殖与养殖日本沼虾的可能性。结果表明,在pH为7.72～7.81、碱度7.87～14.49mmol/L时,含盐量对幼虾毒性作用的24h半数有效浓度为3.17g/L,95%置信限3.02～3.32g/L。在pH为7.85～8.07、碱度16.97～26.96mmol/L时,含盐量对幼虾毒性作用的24h、48h、96h半数致死浓度分别为7.95、6.84、5.77g/L,95%置信限分别为7.74～8.11、6.69～6.99、5.59～5.93g/L。日本沼虾对东北地区碱性湖泊水含盐量的适应上限为3.69g/L,耐受限8.65g/L,耐受范围4.25～8.19g/L,长期生存所适应的含盐量为1.52g/L。碱性水环境下日本沼虾对含盐量的适应能力将下降。东北地区含盐量在4.0g/L以下、碱度在10～30mmol/L的碱性湖泊可以增殖与养殖日本沼虾。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地造林抑盐效应分析

在黄河三角洲地区进行的一系列造林抑制土壤返盐的试验表明:林分郁闭度与抑盐作用正相关;林木对其一定范围内的土壤有抑盐作用;农田林网对抑制土壤返盐有显著作用.在此基础上,探讨了林木抑制土壤返盐的原因.提出在黄河三角洲地区广泛造林,同时配合良好的水利建设,是抑制土壤返盐,延长土地利用时间的有效措施.