福木假尾孢菌Pseudocercospora elaeodendri的转录间隔区序列分析

PCR扩增福木假尾孢菌的转录间隔区序列(ITS)并测序,获得的基因序列长度为581bp,相似性分析发现其与假尾孢属不同种之间的ITS序列相似度极高。进一步对相似度高的不同种、属菌的ITS序列采用Neighbor-joining法构建系统进化树。遗传距离分析结果发现,试验菌株仅与同源性为100%的未知种名的假尾孢菌聚为一类。比较不同种的ITS碱基序列,结果表明,试验菌株与其它种之间的差异碱基分布于ITS1和ITS2区域,说明ITS能够体现假尾孢属的种间变异。     

地锦叶斑病病原菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

结合传统形态学和分子生物学方法对地锦(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)叶斑病病原菌进行了鉴定,并在室内纯培养条件下,采用生长速率法研究了病原菌在不同培养基、p H值、温度、光照、碳源和氮源条件下菌丝生长和菌落形态。结果显示:病原菌为马卡假尾孢(Pseudocercospora macadamiae Deighton);病原菌生长较适培养基为PDA培养基和20%地锦植物煎汁的PDA培养基,适宜p H值为6.0~7.0,菌丝生长适宜温度范围为25~30℃,最适碳源为蔗糖,最适氮源为酵母粉,最佳光照条件为全黑暗。     

Mode of resistance to respiration inhibitors at the cytochrome bc1 enzyme complex of Mycosphaerella fijiensis field isolates

Field isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causing black Sigatoka of banana, were characterised for their sensitivity to different inhibitors of the cytochrome bc₁ enzyme complex (Qo respiration inhibitors, strobilurin fungicides), using physiological, biochemical and molecular genetic methods. Strobilurin‐resistant isolates exhibited very high resistance factors both in mycelial growth inhibition and NADH consumption assays. Cross‐resistance was observed among all Qo inhibitors, including trifloxystrobin, azoxystrobin, famoxadone, strobilurin B and myxothiazol. However, the Qi and the cytochrome aa₃ inhibitors, antimycin A and potassium cyanide, respectively, were not cross‐resistant to Qo inhibitors. In sensitive but not in resistant isolates, mixtures of Qo inhibitors and SHAM, an inhibitor of the alternative oxidase (AOX), were more active than the components alone, indicating that the alternative pathway is essential in metabolism, but not causal for resistance. In the cell‐free NADH‐consumption assay, the Qo inhibitors affected the sensitive but not the resistant isolates, suggesting that AOX was not active in sub‐mitochondrial particles. In whole cells, however, the AOX has a basic expression level and is probably not inducible by trifloxystrobin. Sequencing of the cytochrome b gene of sensitive and resistant M fijiensis isolates revealed a difference in the nucleotide sequence leading to a single amino acid change from glycine to alanine at position 143 in the resistant isolate. This change is known to occur also in the naturally tolerant basidiomycete Mycena galopoda. It is suggested that the field isolates of M fijiensis can acquire resistance to Qo inhibitors due to a target site alteration with a single base pair change. Resistant isolates do not seem to contain a mixture of mutated and non‐mutated DNA, indicating a complete selection of resistant mitochondria and a maternally donated mode of resistance. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sooty spot of kiwifruit caused by Pseudocercospora actinidiae Deighton

Leaf spots on the lower leaf surface and sunken spots on the fruit of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa and A. chinensis) were found in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The observed fungus was identified as Pseudocercospora actinidiae Deighton. We propose the name sooty spot of kiwifruit (“susuhan-byo” in Japanese) as a new disease fullfilling Koch’s postulates.     

喜树角斑病及其发生危害调查

喜树角斑病由病原真菌拟尾孢菌(Pseudocercospora camptothecae LiuetGuo)寄生引起,被害喜树叶片形成褐色的角斑,严重时大量叶片枯黄脱落,导致树枝衰退,植株枯死。此病的发生与高温及雨水有密切关系。病菌从叶背侵入引起叶片正面角斑症状。病菌主要在病叶组织上越冬。在马铃薯蔗糖培养基上形成淡黄白色至灰绿色、最后呈黑色的菌落,产生大量分生孢子及厚垣孢子。病菌接种侵染的潜育期为4d。     

Genetic structure of Mycosphaerella fijiensis populations from Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands

Single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of Mycosphaerella fijiensis , the cause of black leaf streak (black Sigatoka) disease of banana and plantain, in the Torres Strait, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and the Pacific Islands. A moderate level of genetic variation was observed in all populations with genotypic diversity values of 60–78% of the theoretical maximum, and gene diversity ( H ) values between 0·269 and 0·336. All populations were at gametic equilibrium, and with the high level of genotypic diversity observed this indicated that sexual reproduction has a major role in the genetic structure of the M. fijiensis populations examined. Population differentiation was tested on several hierarchical scales. No evidence of population differentiation was observed between sites on Mer Island. A moderate level of population differentiation was observed within the Torres Strait, between Badu and Mer Islands ( F _ST = 0·097). On a regional scale, the greatest differentiation was found between the populations of the Torres Strait and the Pacific. Populations from these regions were more closely related to the PNG population than to each other, suggesting they were founded in separate events from the same population.     

Genetic variability of Pseudocercospora fijiensis,the black Sigatoka pathogen of banana (Musa spp.) in Mexico

Pseudocercospora (previously known as Mycosphaerella) fijiensis causes black Sigatoka disease in banana (Musa spp.) and is considered to be the most devastating pathogen of this crop worldwide. To improve knowledge of its evolutionary patterns, this study determined the genetic variability of populations from two regions of Mexico: Central Pacific (Colima and Michoacan) and Southern (Chiapas, Tabasco and Oaxaca), using 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and the MAT-specific PCR assay. Both mating types were present in all regions under study, with frequencies of 63% MAT1-1 and 37% MAT1-2. The SSR markers showed an average of three alleles per locus, resulting in 34 alleles in total. The genetic diversity (H_T) was 0.3308, but at the local level (H_S) ranged from 0.0976 (Colima) to 0.2228 (Oaxaca). However, the genotypic diversity was usually high (H′ > 2.4, S > 0.89). Cluster analysis grouped the isolates into five clusters with high statistical support (au > 80%), suggesting a geographic organization of the genetic variability of P. fijiensis; AMOVA, the minimum spanning tree and the population structure analysis supported this result, and all data indicated that the major genetic differences were between the different populations under analysis. Thus, the high level of genetic variability in P. fijiensis is attributed partly to a high rate of sexual reproduction, and also to a strong evolutionary capacity coupled with isolation due to limited genetic flow between distant populations. Both possibilities could be playing a relevant role in population differentiation of the pathogen.     

金叶女贞假尾孢病害的生物学特性和杀菌剂筛选

金叶女贞在6～7月和9～10月叶片上会出现许多不规则形状的病斑，俗称叶斑病，严重时会导致受害叶片早落。经研究其病原为假尾孢真菌Pseudocercospora sp．。通过人工接菌，观察了病害的症状、发病规律、培养特性、形态特征，以及温度、pH对菌丝体生长的影响。经室内杀菌剂筛选试验，用10g／L百菌清杀菌效果较好。     

雷公藤角斑病菌毒素对寄主防御酶活性的影响

用雷公藤角斑病致病菌——福木假尾孢(Pseudocercospora elaeodendri)的培养液处理雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii)枝条,使得雷公藤体内保护酶增量表达,减弱膜脂过氧化作用,提高雷公藤的抗病性.结果表明40%福木假尾孢菌毒素为最佳处理浓度.