小麦收获期对麦套棉田捕食性天敌和棉花苗蚜的影响

2004-2005年在冀南棉区研究了小麦收获期对麦套棉田中捕食性天敌和棉花苗蚜的影响。小麦收获期共设3个水平,分别是6月5日、6月10日和6月15日收获小麦。结果表明:2004年3个时期收获小麦对棉田的益害比(天敌和棉蚜的比值)无显著影响(t>0.05);2005年6月5日收获小麦,显著增加了棉田的益害比(t<0.05),6月10日和6月15日收获小麦对棉田的益害比无显著影响(t>0.05)。说明在麦套棉田中,麦田天敌到棉田的有效转移受麦蚜-天敌-棉蚜三者发生高峰期的影响,不同年份天敌的转移情况有所不同。麦蚜发生高峰期早则小麦天敌向棉田转移早,并能有效控制苗期蚜虫的危害,在麦熟期收获小麦,对棉田天敌的数量影响不大;反之,若麦蚜发生高峰期晚,麦田天敌发生期也会相应延后,在麦熟期收获小麦则会引起棉田天敌的增加。因此,棉田天敌数量变化受小麦收获期的影响,但与麦蚜和麦田天敌的发生动态有直接关系。     

The formation of terrestrial food webs in glacier foreland: Evidence for the pivotal role of decomposer prey and intraguild predation

We investigated the structure of invertebrate food webs at three glacier foreland sites of an age of 2-34, ca. 60 and ca. 120 years in the European Alps at 2250-2450 m asl. The trophic structure was investigated by analyzing stable isotope ratios of ¹⁵N/¹⁴N and ¹³C/¹²C. The results suggest that the formation of terrestrial food webs during early primary succession heavily relies on prey out of the decomposer system with Collembola being most important. The diet of decomposers likely is based predominantly on allochthonous humus material blown in by wind and deposited by the retreating glacier. Irrespective of the successional stage the animal community consisted mainly of generalist predators with a number of species occurring at each of the successional stages. The results suggest that terrestrial food web formation is associated with a prolongation of food chains caused mainly by predator species switching their diet to include other predators, i.e. by intraguild predation. This suggests that generalist predators, such as cursorial spiders, carabid beetles, harvestman and centipedes, switch prey and include other predators if these are becoming more abundant, i.e. if ecosystems become more productive. Intraguild predation results in complex food webs with high linkage density which likely affects food web functioning and stability.     

Seasonal differentiation of soil mesofauna in a littoral dune of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast

Summary Soil mesofauna (sensu Ghilarov, i.e., larger than 1 mm) was sampled from under four shrub species (Lygos raetam, Thymelaea hirsuta, Lycium shawii, and Josonia candicans) growing on the littoral oolitic sand dunes at Gharbaniat, 53 km W of Alexandria, Egypt, for a period of more than 30 months, spanning 3 years. Population density (PD) was calculated in relation to area of shrub canopy. Seasons were considered, according to the prevailing climatic conditions as well as to earlier physiological studies on the animals concerned, as: four winter months, four summer months and two months for each of the transitional seasons spring and autumn. The PD values obtained for each season thus defined were combined for the 41 taxa that were sampled. The table of these data was treated by correspondence analysis (CA) and ascending hierarchic classification (AHC), by the Roux DATA-VISION programme (suitable for Apple). Results from such treatment show that fauna as related to shrub species are differentiated along the first factorial axis, while as related to seasons they are differentiated along the second axis. Taxa common to all shrubs and to all seasons are centrally placed and cause some confusion in the resolution. Summer taxa are more distantly placed than those related to the other three seasons. Fauna under Lygos is richer, more diverse, and more complementary as regards trophic levels (with predators), and could probably be the source for replenishing the fauna of the other shrubs at all seasons. The AHC method did not show a similarly clear differentiation.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

果核杧果象(Sternochetus olivieri Faust)的研究——Ⅰ.形态学和生物学

本文陈述属名的变更和洞腹象属四种杧果象虫的分布,作出果核杧果象不同虫期的形态描述并与近缘种印度果核象S.mangiferae F.作比较。自1985～1987年,在云南一个果园观察果核柱果象的生活史和习性。文章阐明以前文献中没报道过的一些生物学特性和分析当地气候因素对果核杧果象种群动态的影响,并介绍自然条件下捕食性天敌和真菌病原的作用。此外,文章列举品种的易受害性。     

棉田捕食性天敌空间分布型及抽样技术研究

了解天敌的空间分布型对于利用天敌控制害虫以及天敌试验研究工作均有重要意义。它不仅关系到天敌的调查取样设计技术的精确程度与保护利用效果,而且还可借以看出天敌的生活习性以及对不同环境的适应程度,从而有助于种群消长的分析。     

烟粉虱生物防治研究进展

烟粉虱是世界性重要害虫之一,严重影响了温室蔬菜和花卉以及大田作物的产量。长期大量使用化学杀虫剂导致烟粉虱种群抗性增加,加速害虫综合管理策略的研究,其中生物防治发挥着重要作用。烟粉虱常见天敌种类:捕食性天敌有瓢甲科,盲蝽科,花蝽科,草蛉科;寄生性天敌有恩蚜小蜂属和桨角蚜小蜂属;虫生真菌有蜡蚧轮枝菌、座壳孢菌、拟青霉、球孢白僵菌。本文就防治烟粉虱的应用现状以及相互关系进行了综述,以期对我国烟粉虱的生物防治及今后的研究提供参考资料,便于研究开发。     

Effectiveness of five small Philippines’ coral reef reserves for fish populations depends on site-specific factors, particularly enforcement history

Community-managed, no-take marine reserves are increasingly promoted as a simple, precautionary measure to conserve biodiversity and sustain coral reef fisheries. However, we need to demonstrate the effects of such reserves to those affected by the loss of potential fishing grounds and the wider scientific community. We surveyed changes in fish communities in five small marine reserves in the central Philippines and three distant Control sites over seven years. We conducted underwater visual censuses of 53 fish families within the reserve (Inside), with a kilometre of the boundary (Outside) and at Control sites. We found significant differences between fish communities Inside and Outside the reserve only at the two sites with strictest compliance with fishing prohibition, while there were significant differences to distant Control sites in all cases. The strongest responses to reserve protection were found in predatory fishes (groupers and breams) and in butterflyfish. Other abundant fish families showed weak effects of protection. For all taxa analysed, we found significant effects of reserve Site and Site × Treatment interactions. The detection of fish responses to reserves is complicated by potential spillover effects, site-specific factors, particularly compliance, and the difficulty of identifying appropriate control areas.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues - a review of some recent findings

Investigations to determine the optimum timing and placement of a supplementary food spray, Envirofeast® on the abundance of predatory insects on cotton was conducted in irrigated commercial cotton fields at Yarral near Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia, in 1998 v - v 99. Plots treated with the supplementary food product at the four-true leaf stage recorded a significantly higher number of predatory beetles, bugs and lacewings per metre compared with plots treated at two, six and eight-true leaf stages and unsprayed (control) plots. The cumulative total number of predatory beetles, bugs and lacewings recorded throughout the season in both treated and control plots was 23.81 per m. Of this total, plots treated at four true leaf stage recorded the highest (7.15 per v m) (i.e 30.03%), followed by two true leaf (5.81 per m) (24.41%), six true-leaf (4.31 per v m (18.12%), eight true-leaf stage (4.63 per v m) (i.e. 19.44%) and the unsprayed (control) plot recorded the lowest (1.91 per m (8.03%). The number of spiders per metre were not significantly different ( p v > v 0.05) among treatments and the control plots. The number of predators recorded in cotton crops treated with the supplementary food product as a band spray (33 v - v 50% band) or skip row spray (i.e. to every second row) was not significantly different ( p v > v 0.05) from plots where the product was applied as a solid spray to the entire crop (no skip row and/or no banding). Thus, tailoring Envirofeast® treatment in this way will ultimately reduce the quantity of product used, the cost of the product and allow cotton growers to adopt a multiple-use pattern for the product to support integrated pest management programmes in cotton.     

Strong impacts of belowground tree inputs on soil nematode trophic composition

Trees have a key role in determining the composition of soil biota via both above and belowground resource-based mechanisms, and by altering abiotic conditions. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment to investigate the relative impact of above and belowground tree inputs on soil nematode trophic composition, and examine whether tree-driven impacts differed between contrasting species (birch and pine). For both species, we created a factorial design of litter addition and root presence treatments. The litter addition treatment was equivalent to natural levels of litterfall; tree saplings were planted in mesocosms for the root presence treatment and an unplanted control treatment was established that had no litter or root inputs. Litter addition had a limited impact on soil nematode community composition: it primarily decreased omnivore and predatory nematode abundance in birch but had few other effects on the nematode community. By contrast, root presence markedly altered nematode community composition through changes in a range of trophic groups. For both birch and pine, there were significant increases in total, fungivore and predatory nematode abundance in root presence treatments, and furthermore, total and fungivore abundances were positively related to root biomass. Root presence of these contrasting tree species also had a distinctive impact on some specific nematode trophic groups; pine roots promoted bacterivore abundance while birch roots promoted root-hair feeding nematode abundance. These findings suggest strong bottom-up effects of belowground tree inputs, and indicate that particular components of the nematode community may be affected differently by resource quantity and quality. Consequently, we suggest that, in the short-term, belowground rather than aboveground tree inputs have a strong impact on soil food web structure and complexity.     

Predatory potential of three hunting spiders inhabiting the rice ecosystems

Present study was designed to assess the prey preference behaviour of three most dominant hunting spiders [Lycosa terrestris Butt, Anwar and Tahir 2006 (Araneae: Lycosidae), Pardosa birmanica Siman 1884 (Araneae: Lycosidae) and Oxyopes javanus (Thorell 1887) (Araneae: Oxyopidae)] of rice ecosystems both in the laboratory and in the field. Two types of laboratory experiments, i.e., choice and no choice feeding, were performed using only adult male and female specimens of the spiders. No choice test showed that each of the three hunting spiders readily consumed larvae and nymphs of rice pests offered. Female hunting spiders consumed more prey compared to male hunting spiders. Results of choice feeding test indicated that L. terrestris and P. birmanica preferred nymphs of rice insect pests while O. javanus preferred larvae of rice insect pests. Results of direct observations showed that in August, dipterous insects were the most numerous rice pests consumed by L. terrestris, P. birmanica and O. javanus, comprising over 56.3, 38 and 48% of their respective diets. In contrast, in September, the proportion of dipterous insects decreased dramatically and hoppers become the most numerous pests, comprising over 50, 51 and 41% of all prey and spiders consumed by L. terrestris, P. birmanica and O. javanus, respectively. In October, aquatic Heteroptera were frequently observed in their diets. Predatory potential of these hunting spiders differed statistically in the laboratory as well as in the field. It is concluded from the results of present project that studied species of spiders could successfully be used to control insect pests of rice ecosystems.