UV-absorbing compounds and susceptibility of weedy species to UV-B radiation

Stratospheric ozone (O₃) depletion has led to increased terrestrial ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation (290–320 nm). Leaves exposed to this radiation produce UV‐absorbing compounds in the epidermal cells, which protect plants from UV‐B damage. To determine the role of UV‐absorbing compounds in the UV‐B sensitivity of weeds (common chickweed (Stellaria media), downy brome (Bromus tectorum), green smartweed (Polygonum scabrum), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), spotted cat’s‐ear (Hypochoeris radicata), and stork’s‐bill (Erodium cicutarium)) seedlings were exposed to 0, 4 (field ambient), 7 (18% O₃ depletion) and 11 (37% O₃ depletion) kJ m^?2 d^?1 of biologically effective UV‐B radiation in a greenhouse. Ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds were extracted from the second true‐leaf (0.5 cm² samples) with methanol : distilled water : HCl (79 : 20 : 1) in an 85°C water bath for 15 min, and the absorbance of the extracts measured at 300 nm. The shoot dry biomass was recorded to determine the susceptibility to UV‐B radiation. Common chickweed was the most sensitive and green smartweed the least sensitive weed to UV‐B radiation. The latter accumulated more UV‐absorbing compounds and this accumulation occurred earlier compared with common chickweed. As UV‐B_BE radiation levels increased from 0 to 11 kJ m^?2 d^?1, the green smartweed shoot biomass did not decline. However, the biomass of all five susceptible species declined despite an increase in the UV‐absorbing compounds in response to increased UV‐B radiation. Therefore, formation of a ‘UV‐screen’ in these species is not sufficient to fully prevent UV‐B damage. When the concentration of UV‐absorbing compounds in the six species was plotted against their susceptibility to UV‐B radiation, no relationship was observed. Thus, while the accumulation of UV‐absorbing compounds may be a major factor in the protection of certain species against UV‐B radiation and may offer some degree of defence in other species, it does not explain UV‐B susceptibility differences in weedy species in general.     

Ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. modulates pseudorabies virus-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells via the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection leads to severe inflammatory responses and tissue damage, and many natural herbs exhibit protective effects against viral infection by modulating the inflammatory response. An ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L. (FEA) was prepared through ethanol extraction and ethyl acetate fractional extraction. An inflammatory model was established in RAW264.7 cells with PRV infection to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of FEA by measuring cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and mRNA expression of inflammatory factors, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Its functional mechanism was investigated by analyzing the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of key proteins in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that PRV induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells, and the responses were similar to that in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. FEA significantly suppressed NO synthesis and down-regulated both expression and secretion of COX-2, iNOS, and inflammatory cytokines (P<0.05 or P<0.01). FEA also reduced NF-κB p65 translocation into the nucleus and decreased MAPK phosphorylation, indicating that the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway may be closely related to the inflammatory response during viral infection. The findings suggested the potential pharmaceutical application of FEA as a natural product that can treat viral infections due to its ability to mitigate inflammatory responses.     

何首乌茎尖嫩叶主要营养成分分析及评价

测定了何首乌茎尖嫩叶的VB2、VC、粗纤维等主要营养成分含量和K、Fe、Zn等矿质元素含量,以期为何首乌茎尖嫰叶的合理开发利用提供理论依据。结果表明,何首乌茎尖嫩叶营养丰富,各种营养成分较为全面,其主要营养成分和矿质元素含量也远远高于其他4种常见蔬菜,这为何首乌茎尖嫩叶的食用价值提供了科学依据,也为改善人们的膳食营养和餐饮文化、开发蔬菜资源及提高其利用价值提供了参考。     

Drought Tolerance and Water‐Use Efficiency of Biogas Crops: A Comparison of Cup Plant,Maize and Lucerne‐Grass

The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is discussed as an alternative energy crop for biogas production in Germany due to its ecological benefits over continuously grown maize. Moreover, a certain drought tolerance is assumed because of its intensive root growth and the dew water collection by the leaf cups, formed by fused leaf pairs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate evapotranspiration (ET ), water‐use efficiency (WUE ) and the relevance of the leaf cups for the cup plant's water balance in a 2‐year field experiment. Parallel investigations were conducted for the two reference crops maize (high WUE ) and lucerne‐grass (deep and intensive rooting) under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Root system performance was assessed by measuring water depletion at various soil depths. Transpiration‐use efficiency (TUE ) was estimated using a model approach. Averaged over the 2 years, drought‐related above‐ground dry matter reduction was higher for the cup plant (33 %) than for the maize (18 %) and lucerne‐grass (14 %). The WUE of the cup plant (33 kg ha^?1 mm^?1) was significantly lower than for maize (50 kg ha^?1 mm^?1). The cup plant had a lower water uptake capacity than lucerne‐grass. Cup plant dry matter yields as high as those of maize will only be attainable at sites that are well supplied with water, be it through a large soil water reserve, groundwater connection, high rainfall or supplemental irrigation.     

虎杖提取物对CCl4诱导建鲤损伤肝细胞生化指标的影响

为探明虎杖对鱼类损伤肝细胞是否具有修复作用,分离建鲤肝细胞,设6个试验组：I组(空白对照组);II组(CCl4模型组);III组(800 μg/mL虎杖提取物对照组);IV组(造模前200、400、800 μg/mL虎杖提取物处理组);V组(造模后200、400、800 μg/mL虎杖提取物处理组);VI组(造模前、后200、400、800 μg/mL虎杖提取物处理组)。各组细胞经处理后继续培养12 h,收集肝细胞培养液,检测上清培养液中丙氨酸转氨酶(GPT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(GOT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等酶活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量及肝细胞的存活率。结果表明：III组肝细胞培养液中GOT、GPT、LDH、SOD、MDA值及细胞存活率与I组相比无明显变化(P＞0.05),说明800 μg/mL虎杖提取物没有细胞毒性,可用于后续试验;与II组相比,IV组中800 μg/mL虎杖提取物处理组的效果优于其他2个浓度组,可以极显著降低培养液中GOT值(P<0.01),显著降低培养液中GPT、LDH值(P<0.05),显著提高肝细胞的存活率(P<0.05),而MDA含量和SOD值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与II组相比,V组中400 μg/mL虎杖提取物效果优于其他2个浓度组,可以极显著降低培养液中GOT值(P<0.01),显著降低培养液中LDH值(P<0.05),显著提高肝细胞的存活率(P<0.05),但GPT值、MDA含量、SOD的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与II组相比,VI组中800 μg/mL虎杖提取物效果优于其他2个浓度组,能极显著降低培养液中GOT、GPT、LDH在肝细胞中的释放(P<0.01),显著降低培养液中MDA含量(P<0.05),显著提高肝细胞的存活率(P<0.05)。综合以上结果,以VI组中800 μg/mL的虎杖提取物效果最好,能有效抑制CCl4所造成的肝细胞损伤,其机制可能与其抗氧化作用有关。     

何首乌的功能成分与保健功效

何首乌含有二苯乙烯苷、蒽醌和磷脂等多种有效成分。阐述了何首乌的功能成分和保健功效,并指出今后的研究方向,以促进何首乌保健食品和药品的健康快速发展。     

何首乌组培快速繁殖技术的研究

对何首乌的组培快繁技术进行了研究。结果表明：采用MS＋6－BA1.0mg/L IBA 0.1mg/L的培养基能成功地诱导芽的分化。对于芽增殖，以MS＋6－BA 0.75mg/L IBA 0.05mg/L或MS＋6－BA 1.5mg/L IBA 0.1mg/L培养基较好，培养30d后芽增殖率可分别达到3.89和4.11。诱导生根以1／2MS＋IBA 0.5-1.25mg/L或1／2MS＋NAA0.5mg/L培养基较好，培养20d后生根率可达80．0％－86．7％。     

新化水酒辣蓼草酒药工艺技术研究

以大米为原料,在酒药制作过程中添加辣蓼草,以糖化力和发酵力为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,探讨了辣蓼草添加量、种曲添加量、培曲时间对新化水酒酒药品质的影响,筛选出新化水酒辣蓼草酒药的最佳制作工艺条件。结果表明,新化水酒辣蓼草酒药的最佳制作工艺条件为：辣蓼草添加量6%,种曲添加量5%,培曲时间60 h,在此工艺条件下制得的酒药糖化力和发酵力分别为1 443 U/g和53.4 g/100 g。     

酸模叶蓼对大豆生长的影响及其经济阈值

酸模叶蓼是大豆田的恶性杂草,严重危害大豆生长发育及产量,为明确酸模叶蓼在大豆田中的经济危害允许水平和经济阈值,在大田条件下采用添加系列试验和拟合函数关系模型的方法,研究了酸模叶蓼与大豆的竞争关系。结果表明,在酸模叶蓼的竞争干扰下,大豆单株荚数,产量均随酸模叶蓼密度的增加而逐渐降低,而株高没有显著变化。线性函数模型y=-0.443x+39.453(R2=0.962,F=75.887,P=0.003)能较好地拟合酸模叶蓼对大豆单株荚数的影响;二次曲线函数模型y=0.702x~2-54.395x+3027.810(R~2=0.972,F=34.843,P=0.028)能较好地拟合大豆产量与酸模叶蓼密度之间的关系,对数函数y=16.131lnx-23.458(R2=0.911,F=20.532,P=0.045)能较好的拟合大豆产量损失与酸模叶蓼密度之间的关系。大豆田酸模叶蓼人工拔除的经济阈值为10.22株/m2,使用75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂、80%阔草清水分散粒剂、95%精异丙甲草胺乳油防除的经济阈值分别为4.75、5.03、5.25株/m~2。酸模叶蓼对大豆产量有明显影响,通过对经济阈值分析,在大豆田化学除草剂防治酸模叶蓼具有明显的经济优势。     

何首乌不同种源的叶性状变异及聚类分析

[目的]研究何首乌不同种源的叶性状变异情况,并对不同种源何首乌进行聚类,为何首乌良种分类、鉴定、选育和快速繁殖育苗提供依据。[方法]对何首乌在全国主要分布区的31个种质资源的叶形态性状进行测定,分析不同产地何首乌叶片的遗传变异。[结果]供试何首乌种源内各单株叶性状较为稳定,变异主要来源于单叶面积、叶片中宽、叶宽等指标;种源间叶各性状变异明显,变异主要来源于单叶干重、叶片面积、叶片中宽、叶长等指标。对何首乌叶各性状间的相关关系研究表明,单叶面积和单叶干重均与叶长、叶片中宽、叶宽、叶厚、叶柄长呈极显著正相关,而与WWR（叶宽与叶长1/2处宽度之比）、LWR（叶长与叶长1/2处宽度之比）呈显著负相关,此外叶长、叶片中宽、叶宽、叶柄长这几个直观的叶性状指标相互之间呈极显著正相关。主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分的累积方差贡献率高达97.4%,能够较准确反映何首乌种源叶性状的综合表现。聚类分析结果表明,供试31个何首乌种源。划分为3大类群。第一类群地理区域为贵州中部、西部和相邻的广西西北部及西部高海拔地区;第二类群地理区域为湖南、湖北、四川、广东及广西的大部分地区;第三类群地理区域为安徽、江苏、河南及山东。[结论]叶性状的聚类分析表明地理位置靠近的种源能聚在一起。该研究为何首乌的品种分类提供了一定依据。