两种生态类型蚯蚓血液蛋白质组分电泳分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术对不同生态类型的微小双胸蚓(Bimastus parvus)和威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillelmi)血液蛋白质进行分离比较。结果表明,威廉环毛蚓血液蛋白质电泳扩增出6条条带,微小双胸蚓血液蛋白质电泳扩增出5条条带,表栖型的微小双胸蚓比内栖型的威廉环毛蚓少了一个组分。形成血液蛋白质组分的差异性可能与蚯蚓生态适应性有关。     

常见降压动物药研究进展

高血压为目前最常见的慢性病,严重威胁人类健康。随着近年来对治疗和控制高血压药物的各方面研究的积极开展,具有降压和控制血压稳定性的动物药越来越引人关注。本文对近年来降压动物药的试验研究,临床应用和其药理作用的研究进展进行了整理,通过对牛黄、地龙等常见动物药在高血压治疗和控制上的研究概况的介绍,综述了降压动物药的研究进展。     

蚯蚓对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘降解的强化效应研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了蚯蚓（Pheretima sp.）对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的去除效果的强化作用及对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在试验浓度范围（0~322 mg.kg-1）内,蚯蚓对供试植物苏丹草（Sorghum vulgare L.）生长促进作用显著。接种蚯蚓的土壤中,苏丹草在菲、芘各浓度下总生物量较未接种蚯蚓土壤分别提高14.41%~25.91%、14.39%~23.9%;蚯蚓活动可促进土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的降解,接种蚯蚓处理中菲、芘各浓度下降解率较未接种蚯蚓处理分别高4.20%~9.76%、3.69%~9.38%。土壤酶活性测定结果也显示蚯蚓活动可增加土壤酶的活性。     

Beneficial effects of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on establishment of leguminous trees on Pb/Zn mine tailings

Planting trees to stabilize metalliferous mine tailings is a widely used form of land reclamation although substantial soil amendment is invariably required, both to improve the physico-chemical status of the tailings and to ameliorate toxicity prior to planting. Here, we report a glasshouse study of the combined effects of burrowing earthworms (Pheretima guillelmi) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus spp., AMF) on establishment of a naturally invasive, woody, nitrogen-fixing legume, Leucaena leucocephala, on topsoil-amended Pb/Zn mine tailings. AMF provided the most effective preliminary inoculant, improving N, P and K uptake, but earthworms had more influence improving N nutrition. In most cases, the combined effects of AMF and earthworms were additive and proved to be beneficial to plant growth, plant nutrition and for protection against uptake of toxic metals. AMF influenced metal uptake more than earthworms, but together they reduced mobility of Pb and Zn in soil by as much as 25%. Some minor but significant negative interactions were also evident; for example, earthworms enhanced soil microbial activity but inhibited the beneficial effects of AMF on N₂-fixation. We argue that increased attention to ecological interactions in soil could reduce costs and improve the efficacy of restoring a vegetation cover to land impacted by contaminated spoils.     

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of gut bacterial community for the Japanese earthworms

The gut bacterial community structure for Pheretima hilgendorfi and P. heteropoda (Family Megascolecidae), and Allolobophora japonica (Family Lumbricidae) collected from agricultural grasslands in Japan was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments (PCR-DGGE) and compared with those in the surrounding soils. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles indicated that each earthworm species had their own specific bacterial communities, and multidimentional scaling analysis grouped the DGGE profiles into three groups: gut samples from P. hilgendorfi and P. heteropoda, gut samples from A. japonica and samples from the surrounding soils. Nine dominant bands were identified by their direct sequencing and cloning. Major three bands from P. hilgendorfi and P. heteropoda were closely related to Bacillus species belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. Major four and two bands from A. japonica were closely related to the phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, respectively.     

“花菜－蚯蚓”种养模式对杂草发生的影响及除草剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性评价

为了摸清蚯蚓活动对杂草发生的影响以及除草剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性,2017年－2019年连续3年调查了“花菜－蚯蚓”种养模式下田间杂草物种数、总草密度和生物量,同时测定了17种除草剂对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性。结果表明,与花菜单一种植模式相比,“花菜－蚯蚓”种养模式显著降低了田间杂草物种数、总草密度和生物量,减轻了杂草危害。不同除草剂对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性存在较大的差异。采用滤纸法处理48 h,丙草胺、高效氟吡甲禾灵和噁唑酰草胺对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性最高,LD50分别为1.1、1.8 μg/cm2和7.1 μg/cm2。其次为灭草松,LD50为70.3 μg/cm2。乙羧氟草醚、吡嘧磺隆、氰氟草酯、五氟磺草胺、硝磺草酮、嘧啶肟草醚和烟嘧磺隆对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性相对较低,LD50均大于1 200 μg/cm2。采用人工土壤法处理14 d,灭草松对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性最高,LD50为50.3 mg/kg。其次为二甲戊灵、草铵膦和丙草胺,LD50分别为111.9、137.4 mg/kg和169.5 mg/kg。双草醚、氰氟草酯、硝磺草酮和苯唑草酮对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性相对较低,LD50均大于500 mg/kg。基于滤纸法和人工土壤法的测定结果,丙草胺、灭草松、噁唑酰草胺、高效氟吡甲禾灵、草铵膦和二甲戊灵对威廉环毛蚓具有相对较高的急性毒性,不建议用于“作物－蚯蚓”种养农田防除杂草。     

QuEChERS-dSPE-UPLC-MS/MS筛查中药材地龙中41种兽药残留

建立了基于超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)的动态多反应监测模式(d-MRM)快速筛查中药材地龙中7大类(喹诺酮类、磺胺类、糖皮质激素类、硝基咪唑类、抗病毒类、非甾体抗炎类、镇静安眠类)41种兽药残留的分析方法。样品采用QuEChERS提取,分散式固相萃取管(dSPE EMR-Lipid)进行净化,采用d-MRM采集模式进行定性和定量检测,外标法定量,41种兽药测定在各自线性范围呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(R 2)均大于0.9917,检出限为0.1000~3.105μg/kg,定量限为0.3184~7.532μg/kg,3个添加水平的回收率为62.8%~112.3%,精密度为1.1%~8.9%。该方法前处理简单、重现性好、灵敏度高,适用于中药材地龙中41种兽药残留的快速筛查。     

白颈环毛蚓体壁肌肉细胞的超微结构

利用透射电镜观察了白颈环毛蚓(Pheretimacalifornica)体壁肌肉层的超微结构.结果表明,肌肉为典型斜纹肌,肌细胞长梭形,细胞核、线粒体等细胞器位于细胞边缘,细胞绝大部分空间由具收缩功能的肌丝等占据,在肌细胞横切面,可以看到粗、细肌丝,肌浆网管和Z线,有序排成明暗相间的条纹,呈现特有的羽毛状结构,明暗带交替周期约0.35～0.40μm.文中对肌细胞内粗肌丝、细肌丝、肌浆网管和Z线的形态结构及其排列方式进行详细描述,并作了它们在松弛和收缩不同状态的比较.此外还对肌细胞周围基质中胶元微纤维作了描述.     

The relative toxicities of insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group (Oligochaeta)

An artificial soil test was used to determine the LC50 values of carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin and fipronil against earthworms of the Pheretima group. For a 24-h interval, carbaryl was the most toxic to earthworms (LC50 = 77 mg kg-1), followed by imidacloprid (155 mg kg-1), cyfluthrin (351 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (390 mg kg-1) and fipronil (> 8550 mg kg-1) as the least toxic. For the 48-h and 7-day intervals, imidacloprid was the most toxic to earthworms (LC50 = 5 mg kg-1 and 3 mg kg-1 respectively), followed by carbaryl (16 mg kg-1; 9 mg kg-1), cyfluthrin (128 mg kg-1; 110 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (330 mg kg-1; 180 mg kg-1) and the least toxic was fipronil (> 8550 mg kg-1 both intervals). The surface application rates required to achieve these values are compared with the rates recommended for the control of turfgrass pests.     

The toxicity of five insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group,using an artificial soil test

An artificial soil test was used to assess the toxicity of five insecticides, used for turfgrass pest management, to earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae). The effects of cyfluthrin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid on earthworm mortality, earthworm biomass and individual earthworm mass, were assessed. Carbaryl and chlorpyrifos had a significant greater effect on earthworm mortality than cyfluthrin, seven days after the application of the insecticides. No other significant earthworm mortality was found. None of the insecticides had a significant influence on earthworm biomass. Cyfluthrin initially reduced individual earthworm mass, but not biomass, more than the other insecticides. Carbaryl reduced biomass more than the other insecticides for all the assessments. Carbaryl, imidacloprid and cyfluthrin had a larger negative effect than the control, fipronil and chlorpyrifos on individual earthworm mass in the 14 and 21 day assessments. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry