杀虫药剂对茄二十八星瓢虫及瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂的选择毒性

在室内测定了8种杀虫剂对茄二十八星瓢虫幼虫及其主要天敌瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂的毒力。结果 表明，阿维菌素对茄二十八星瓢虫和瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂具有较高的选择性，氰戊菊酯次之，而氟虫腈等则无选择性，建议在天敌较丰富的季节，优先选用阿维菌素防治茄二十八星瓢虫，氰戊菊酯可与阿维菌素交替使用。     

南昌地区瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂生物学特性的研究

瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂在南昌室内,5月下旬至12月上旬可繁殖11代,每代需12～46天。该蜂的发育起点温度为5.28℃。有效积温296.85日度。在28℃下,饲以10％蜂蜜,成蜂平均寿命为5.52天,不喂蜂蜜平均约缩短3天。该蜂能寄生28星瓢虫幼虫的各个龄期,但更喜寄生高龄幼虫,以4龄幼虫作寄主,每雌一生能寄生幼虫6.21头,子蜂数平均为74.57头。可行孤雌生殖产雄。在马铃薯上的自然寄生率以6月份最高,平均为28.47％。在龙葵上以7月份最高平均达64.5％。7月中旬由于高温的影响,寄主和寄生蜂的发育受到抑制,寄生率急剧下降。     

云南派姬小蜂对其寄主及寄主植物相关化学线索的行为反应

与寄主植物和寄主相关的化学线索在寄生蜂的寄主搜寻过程中起着重要作用。云南派姬小蜂Pediobius yunnanensis是松树钻蛀性害虫——微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella的蛹寄生蜂,为了探究该寄生蜂对其寄主和寄主植物相关化学线索的行为反应,本研究进行了一系列试验。利用Y形嗅觉仪,测定了该寄生蜂对不同处理的油松球果（含蛹球果、含空蛹壳的球果、幼虫为害的球果和健康球果）和松枝（含蛹松枝、幼虫为害的松枝、含蛹球果的系统枝、含蛹松枝的系统枝和健康松枝）以及幼虫虫粪（3龄幼虫虫粪、含蛹球果内的幼虫虫粪）挥发物的趋性行为;在开放场中,测定了老熟幼虫爬行痕迹对该寄生蜂搜索行为的影响;利用双选择试验,在培养皿中测定了该寄生蜂对微红梢斑螟茧或蛹浸提液的行为反应。结果显示,在嗅觉试验中,含蛹球果、含有空蛹壳的球果挥发物对寄生蜂有极显著的引诱作用,而幼虫为害的球果和健康球果对寄生蜂的行为无明显影响;该寄生蜂对含蛹松枝挥发物表现出明显的正趋性反应,而对幼虫为害的松枝、含蛹球果的系统枝、含蛹松枝的系统枝以及健康松枝则无趋性反应;寄生蜂对含蛹球果中的幼虫虫粪挥发物表现出偏爱性,而对3龄幼虫虫粪无明显反应;在开放场中,老熟幼虫的爬行痕迹对寄生蜂的搜索行为无显著影响;在培养皿中,微红梢斑螟茧的甲醇、二氯甲烷或正己烷浸提液以及蛹的二氯甲烷或正己烷浸提液,不仅能强烈地吸引该寄生蜂,还能明显延长其停留时间。该结果为揭示云南派姬小蜂寄主搜寻行为的化学调控机制以及微红梢斑螟的生物防治提供理论依据。     

Natural enemies of the bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and their impact on host population regulation

The bagworm, Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is an important pest of oil palm, capable of being present as outbreak, which could cause a crop loss of up to 44%. Circumstantial evidence has long indicated that natural enemies play an important role in the population regulation of this pest. However, direct field data on the enemies themselves has been lacking.

A field study on a population of M. plana was made at PORIM Kluang, Johor, Malaysia from September 1988 to December 1992. The population of bagworm was initially high (late 1988, up to 38 larvae/frond, and in early 1990, up to 30 larvae/frond) but remained extremely low in the subsequent period (< 10 larvae/frond).

The population of M. plana was affected by both primary and secondary parasitoids and predators. Among the primary parasitoids, Dolichogenidea metesae was the most pronounced larval parasitoid of M. plana. This parasitoid was commonly attacked by hyperparasitoids, particularly Pediobius anomalus and Pediobius imbreus. A hypothetical life table constructed from the mortality figures of the declining part of the population during late 1988 confirmed that the natural enemies played a key role in suppressing the bagworm population.

The present study confirmed that overlapping generations were vital for the persistence of parasitoids of M. plana. The paper also suggested a possible need of alternative hosts. An active predator, Callimerus arcufer was also commonly encountered.     

几种杀虫剂对茄二十八星瓢虫及其优势寄生蜂的影响

室内初步试验了敌敌畏等５种杀虫剂对茄二十八星瓢虫的毒力效果,并从中挑选出杀虫效果较好的敌敌畏、速灭杀丁、害极灭３种杀虫剂,研究其对茄二十八星瓢虫优势寄生蜂－瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂的影响。     

瓢虫姬小蜂种名的研究

杂交试验结果表明,北京地区寄生于马铃薯廿八星瓢虫幼虫和蛹的姬小蜂,与原产印度的瓢虫姬小蜂不存在生殖上的隔离。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法对上述来源不同姬小蜂的同工酶作比较:两姬小蜂的乳酸脱氨酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和醇脱氢酶(ADH)同工酶谱均无差异,酯酶同工酶酶谱基本一致,表明两姬小蜂在上述同工酶的基因控制上,具有同一物种的遗传特征。根据杂交试验和同工酶酶谱分析结果,可以推断北京地区的姬小蜂种名应为瓢虫姬小蜂(Pediobius foveolatus(Crawford)。     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

云南派姬小蜂的生物学特性

云南派姬小蜂Pediobius yunnanensis Liao是寄生于微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella Hampson蛹的内寄生蜂,目前国内外对其生物学特性报道较少。因此,本文采用野外调查和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了云南派姬小蜂的生物学特性。结果表明,该蜂主要以幼虫在寄主蛹内越冬。雌、雄成蜂的平均性比为1.89：1。在温度25℃、湿度70%、光周期14L：10D的条件下,其各个虫态的发育历期为卵-幼虫期15.00 d,蛹期12.33 d,成虫寿命6.36 d,完成一个世代需32.36 d。在15℃以15%蜂蜜水喂养的条件下,雌、雄蜂寿命最长分别为63.45和39.95 d;在35℃,无喂食条件下,雌、雄蜂寿命最短,分别为3.06和1.84 d。因此,在一定的温度范围内,低温和补充营养均能不同程度的延长雌、雄蜂寿命且雌蜂寿命长于雄蜂寿命。以上研究结果可以对微红梢斑螟的生物防治提供指导,也为研发云南派姬小蜂的室内繁殖和保护利用技术提供了一定的理论基础。     

瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂各虫态低温贮存和寄生效应的研究

瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂Pediobius foveolatus(Crawford)不同虫态在5℃,8℃,11℃下,蜂卵和蜂幼不能贮存。蜂蛹在该温度范围内,随温度升高而羽化率上升,随贮存时间延长而羽化率下降。成蜂在8℃,11℃,14℃下贮存10 d,雌蜂的产卵能力、寄生幼虫数、寄生率与对照相比无显著差异。贮存18 d后,蜂的产卵能力明显下降,25 d后无寄生蜂羽出。随着寄主密度的提高,每头雌蜂对寄主的寄生数没有明显变化,在相同的寄主密度条件下,寄生蜂单雌寄生数有随其自身密度增加而下降的趋势,但变量分析的结果表明,在各密度下的每雌寄生数没有显著差异,随着两者密度的增加,相互干扰作用越明显,寄生作用率下降。     

云南派姬小蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温

云南派姬小蜂Pediobius yunnanensis Liao是寄生于微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella Hampson蛹的内寄生蜂,目前国内外对其有效积温和发育起点温度尚无报道。本文以微红梢斑螟蛹为繁殖寄主,在15、20、25、30℃和35℃共5个恒温条件下,研究了云南派姬小蜂各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在20～30℃温度范围内,云南派姬小蜂的各阶段及世代的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短;卵-幼虫、蛹、成虫、全世代的发育起点温度分别为(15.83±0.18)、(13.63±1.11)、(14.27±1.36)℃和(15.43±0.48)℃。有效积温分别为(128.66±3.33)、(132.34±17.25)、(57.92±7.25)日·度和(291.37±10.73)日·度。