Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.     

PBO与福星处理对湘南梨脱萼及其果实品质的影响

以湘南梨为试材,于盛花期喷施PBO和福星不同处理,研究PBO和福星对湘南梨脱萼果率、果实品质和单株产量的影响。结果表明：喷施浓度为300倍 PBO和6000倍福星混合处理脱萼效果差异最为显著,脱萼果率为73.90%;单独使用PBO处理脱萼率为47.60%;两种脱萼处理均能够显著提高梨果的可溶性固形物和可溶性糖的含量,增加梨果的果肉硬度,降低果形指数,改善梨果外观品质,但对梨树的单株产量的影响差异不显著。     

PBO对培育番茄壮苗应用效果的研究

研究了PBO对番茄幼苗时期生长发育的影响.研究结果表明,用PBO稀释液对番茄进行2次处理,对培育壮苗有明显的效果.尤其是对地上部表现出明显的抑制作用,可以使植株矮化紧凑,茎粗、全株干质量、叶面积显著增加,而且还可以使叶片的叶绿素含量提高,番茄幼苗的壮苗指数增大,基本上达到培育壮苗的目的,为早期增产奠定了基础.其中以PBO 200倍液处理的表现最好,150倍液和250倍液处理次之;PBO 100倍液处理对番茄幼苗生长发育没有显著作用.     

鬼臼毒素类似物结构与杀虫活性关系初探Ⅱ.构效关系分析及理想结构推测

以鬼臼毒素为原料合成了一系列衍生物。用质谱和核磁共振鉴定这些化合物的结构和构型 ,测定了其对 5龄菜青虫 (Pierisrapae)、3龄小菜蛾 (Plutella xylostella)和 3龄粘虫 (Mythimna separata)的生物活性。结果表明 ,具反式内酯环的鬼臼衍生物活性显著高于具顺式内酯环的衍生物 ,4位取代基对杀虫活性影响较大 ;推测出了较为理想的鬼臼毒素类似物杀虫活性物质的结构通式。     

Protective effect of curcumin analogue L6H4 on diaphragm of type 2 diabetic rats

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of curcumin analogue L6H4 on diaphragm of type 2 diabetic rats.METHODS: SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control (NC) group, high fat (HF) group, high fat+L6H4 treatment (FT) group, diabetes mellitus (DM) group and DM+L6H4 treatment (DT) group. The rats in the later 4 groups were fed with high-fat diet. After 4 weeks of high-fat diet fee-ding, the rats in DM and DT groups were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes melliutus. The rats in FT and DT groups were given L6H4 by gavage for 8 weeks. Blood glucose and blood lipid levels were detected biochemically. Fasting serum insulin (FINS) level was measured by radioimmunoassay and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Serum adiponectin (APN) level was measured by ELISA. The morphological changes of the diaphragm were observed under light and transmission electron microscopes. Lipid deposition and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) were observed by enzyme histochemical staining. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the diaphragm were measured by thiobarbituric acid method and hydroxylamine method, respectively. The protein expression of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) in the diaphragm was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: The levels of blood lipids, blood glucose, FINS and HOMA-IR in HF and DM groups were higher than those in NC group, but decreased after L6H4 treatment. The serum APN level in HF and DM groups was lower than that in NC group, but increased after treatment with L6H4. The muscle fibers of the diaphragm were shrunk, fat particles accumulated in the muscle fibers, and the mitochondria were slightly swollen in HF and DM groups. The diaphragmatic fibrosis was obvious in DM group. These lesions were relieved after L6H4 treatment. Compared with NC group, the level of MDA and the activity of SDH and NADH-TR in the diaphragm were increased in HF and DM groups, but decreased after treatment with L6H4. The activity of SOD and the expression of AdipoR1 in the diaphragm were lower than those in NC group, but increased after L6H4 treatment.CONCLUSION: The curcumin analogue L6H4 exerts a protective effect on diaphragm in type 2 diabetic rats. The strengthened protein expression of AdipoR1, the increased serum level of APN, and anti-lipid peroxidation may be involved in the process.     

不同位点结构修饰的喜树碱新衍生物内酯环稳定性

从构效关系角度考察了不同位点结构修饰对喜树碱母核内酯环稳定性的影响.利用高效液相色谱手段,对喜树碱母核10位与20位修饰后所得的新衍生物的内酯环稳定性进行分析;并采用ODS色谱柱(4.6 mm×260 mm),以乙腈-超纯水为流动相体积比35∶ 65;UV检测波长为360 nm;流速1.0 mL/min.在喜树碱母核的10位与20位引入含氮杂环,所得的受试喜树碱衍生物均能提高母核上内酯环的稳定性,而在所连接的取代基团中,以吡唑和羟基修饰的喜树碱内酯环最为稳定.     

Quantitative structure—activity studies of insect growth regulators. XI. Stimulation and inhibition of N-acetylglucosamine incorporation in a cultured integument system by substituted N-tert-butyl-N,N′-dibenzoylhydrazines

The ability to stimulate N-acetylglucosamine (GluNAc) incorporation in-vitro of a number of N-tert-butyl-N,N′-dibenzoylhydrazines having various substituents on both phenyl rings was measured in cultured integument excised from the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker). The relationship between in-vitro and larvicidal potency was approximately linear. The substituent effects on variations in the potency were similar between in-vitro and larvicidal activities. An inhibitor of oxidative detoxication, piperonyl butoxide, had no synergistic effects on the in-vitro potency. The ability of some dibenzoylhydrazines to inhibit GluNAc incorporation at exposure periods longer than the optimum for stimulation was also measured in a similar cultured integument system. The relationship between the inhibitory and stimulatory potency indices was linear, indicating that the larvicidal activity of dibenzoylhydrazines is closely related to its ability to stimulate as well as to inhibit GluNAc incorporation into the larval cuticle.     

Involvement of esterases in diazinon resistance and biphasic effects of piperonyl butoxide on diazinon toxicity to Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Resistance to insecticides remains a major problem for the successful control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), one of the most important pests of cattle in many countries including the United States. The organophosphate (OP) insecticide diazinon has been used to control pyrethroid-resistant populations of the horn fly. There are only a few reported cases of horn fly resistance to diazinon in the United States and Mexico. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has been used successfully as a synergist of pyrethroid insecticides to control horn flies. PBO-synergized diazinon products are also available for horn fly control in the United States, although PBO is known to inhibit the bio-activation of certain OP insecticides including diazinon. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies using a filter paper bioassay technique. These bioassays in both the susceptible and diazinon-resistant horn fly strains revealed a biphasic effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies. PBO inhibited diazinon toxicity when the PBO concentration used was high (5%), and no effect was observed when PBO concentration was intermediate (2%). However, at low concentrations (1% and lower), PBO significantly synergized diazinon toxicity. We demonstrated that enhanced esterase activity was associated with survivability of horn flies exposed to diazinon alone. PBO has been shown to inhibit esterase activity in other insect species. However, results of biochemical assays with esterases from this study suggest that PBO did not have significant effect on the overall esterase activity in the horn fly. The observed synergistic effect of PBO at lower concentrations on diazinon toxicity to horn flies could not be explained by reduced esterase activity due to PBO inhibition. It is likely that PBO synergized diazinon toxicity at lower concentrations by facilitating penetration of diazinon through the cuticle and/or inhibiting the oxidative detoxification of diazinon, and reduced diazinon toxicity at high PBO concentration by inhibiting the bio-activation of diazinon.     

Chemistry and Biology of Bengamides and Bengazoles,Bioactive Natural Products from Jaspis Sponges

Sponges corresponding to the Jaspidae family have proved to be a prolific source of bioactive natural products. Among these, the bengamides and the bengazoles stand out by virtue of their unprecedented molecular architectures and impressive biological profiles, including antitumor, antibiotic and anthelmintic properties. As a consequence, intense research activity has been devoted to these compounds from both chemical and biological standpoints. This review describes in detail the research into these classes of natural products and the benefits they offer in chemistry and biology.     

Modification of Marine Natural Product Ningalin B and SAR Study Lead to Potent P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors

In this study, new marine ningalin B analogues containing a piperazine or a benzoloxy group at ring C have been synthesized and evaluated on their P-gp modulating activity in human breast cancer and leukemia cell lines. Their structure-activity relationship was preliminarily studied. Compounds 19 and 20 are potent P-gp inhibitors. These two synthetic analogues of permethyl ningalin B may be potentially used as effective modulators of P-gp-mediated drug resistance in cancer cells.