Ovipositor length of threeApocrypta species: Effect on oviposition behavior and correlation with syconial thickness

We investigated oviposition behavior in three non-pollinating fig wasps: the sympatric speciesApocrypta bakeri Joseph onFicus hispida L.,A. westwoodi Grandi onF. racemosa L., andApocrypta sp. onF. semicordata Buch.-Ham. The oviposition behavior differs significantly between one pair of species (A. bakeri andA. westwoodi) and the other species (Apocrypta sp. onF. semicordata).A. bakeri andA. westwoodi were similar in the following aspects: the posture of the abdomen and the action of the hind legs before penetration, and the bending ovipositor sheath during penetration. In contrast, the oviposition behavior ofApocrypta sp. is quite different. This difference can be explained by the significant correlation between ovipositor length and syconial thickness.Apocrypta sp. has a shorter ovipositor than the two other species, which correlates with the thinner syconial wall of its host figF. semicordata. It is deduced that the ovipositor length adapts to the syconial thickness and induces the oviposition behavior in the different species to diverge. For all threeApocrypta species, the midleg length and hindleg length are significantly correlated with their ovipositor lengths. This may be explained as due to the fact that body movement adjusting the hindlegs and midlegs up and down, or forward and backward, is also influenced by the ovipositor length.     

杠柳根皮粗提液对菜青虫生物活性的影响

试验研究杠柳根皮粗提液对菜青虫生物活性的影响测定结果表明,杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫的生物活性影响高于杠柳根皮氯仿提取液和石油醚提取液,杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫幼虫有较强的拒食作用和生长抑制作用,胃毒作用一般。用100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液浸叶饲喂3龄、4龄、5龄菜青虫幼虫后24h其拒食率分别为94.9%、87.8%和92.7%,拒食后幼虫的化蛹率和蛹重均比对照显著降低。100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液浸叶饲喂4龄菜青虫幼虫后24h和72h其生长抑制率分别为96.6%和82.5%。杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫成虫产卵具有明显忌避作用,用50~100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液喷雾处理油菜苗后2~4d其产卵忌避率达89.5%以上。     

Behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference of Bemisia tabaci on cotton

The study on behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference in Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on cotton was conducted, at Entomological Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Punjab, India, during 2001 crop season and repeated in the same season. Multiple-choice test was followed for conducting the experiment. Quinalphos (250, 375, and 500), carbaryl (625, 938, and 1250), acephate (750, 1125, and 1500), endosulfan (438, 656, and 875), and fenvalerate (25, 38, and 50 g ai/ha) were repeatedly sprayed on potted plants of American cotton (var. LH-1556). The impact of these insecticides was evaluated in term of oviposition preference by B. tabaci to treated plants. Also, it investigated changes in biochemical components of treated cotton leaves and the correlation with oviposition preference. The results revealed that, fenvalerate treated plants were more preferred by whitefly for oviposition. Maximum number of eggs was observed on fenvalerate treated plants, 38, 50, and 25 g/ha (39.3, 37.3, and 36.1 eggs/leaf, respectively) followed by acephate 1500 g/ha (26.9 eggs/ leaf) compared with untreated control (14.1 eggs/leaf). Almost similar trend of results was observed in the repeated experiment. The results obtained from biochemical studies revealed that all the insecticidal treatments caused reduction in total sugars compared with untreated control except fenvalerate and low dose of quinalphos. All insecticides caused increase in total free amino acids and brought significant changes in total phenols and pH value of treated plants. These results have confirmed the behavioral hormoligosis in oviposition preference that induced by fenvalerate and acephate in B. tabaci, which may be one of the causes behind its resurgence on plants repeatedly treated with these insecticides.     

苍耳等药用植物提取物对小菜蛾的拒食作用和产卵忌避效果

室内采用叶碟法,研究苍耳(Xanthium sibiricumPetril)等8种药用植物乙醇提取物对小菜蛾(Plutel-la xylostella)的拒食和产卵忌避活性。结果表明,苍耳(果实)、雷公藤(根)和商陆(根)乙醇提取物对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的取食均有较强的抑制作用,选择性拒食率分别为86.16%、49.06%和43.82%;非选择性拒食效果仍以苍耳(果实)提取物最好,达45.23%。选择性产卵忌避率以雷公藤(根)提取物为最高(69.52%),其次是苍耳(果实)和山苍树(枝叶)提取物,分别为62.50%和57.72%,雷公藤(根)、商陆(根)、窃衣(茎叶)和苍耳(果实)的非选择性产卵忌避作用均在77%以上。苍耳和雷公藤提取物在对小菜蛾的拒食和产卵忌避的各测试中,均表现较强活性。     

2种选择性农药刺激稻纵卷叶螟产卵的研究

[目的]探讨选择性农药是否是稻纵卷叶螟再猖獗的诱导因素。[方法]在盆栽和田间试验中,以武运粳7号为供试水稻品种,分别采用不同浓度的25%扑虱灵和10%吡虫啉对稻纵卷叶螟2龄和4龄期的幼虫进行喷雾处理,研究这2种选择性农药对稻纵卷叶螟产卵的影响。[结果]在稻纵卷叶螟幼虫2龄期用扑虱灵300.0、112.5、60.0 g/hm2进行喷雾处理能刺激稻纵卷叶螟成虫产卵;在稻纵卷叶螟幼虫4龄期用吡虫啉60.0 g/hm2喷雾处理也能刺激稻纵卷叶螟成虫产卵,并且其成虫产卵量与对照相比显著增加。[结论]扑虱灵和吡虫啉能刺激稻纵卷叶螟成虫产卵,是稻纵卷叶螟再猖獗的诱导因素之一。     

饲料、温度及成蝇密度对家蝇产卵量的影响

本文研究了饲料、温度、成蝇密度对家蝇产卵量的影响，结果表明：用含有奶粉的饲料饲养幼虫或成蝇，家蝇产卵量最大。最适产卵温度是２４℃，产卵温域是１２．５～３５．３℃。每对平均产卵量与成蝇对数成负相关。群体最适产卵密度是１９４９８对／ｍ３。     

数种驱虫药和化学药物对体内外鸡蛔虫产卵和虫卵发育的影响

为鉴定男性不育药和有些驱虫药对寄生蠕虫的不育作用,对培养在试管内的鸡蛔虫和卵胚,以及人工感染蛔虫的鸡分别进行了体内和体外试验。棉酚和硝基呋喃类的呋喃唑酮、呋喃西林、S_(73031)和S_(72055)均无抑制产卵和卵胚发育的作用,苯并咪唑类的丙硫咪唑、甲苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑以及吩噻嗪均有抑制产卵和卵胚发育的作用,它们的EMIC_(50)分别为0.006,1.326,0.029和0.052ppm。抑制产卵所需浓度远大于抑制卵胚发育所需浓度。吡喹酮和硫双二氯酚也不具有抑制产卵和卵胚成熟的作用。放线菌酮仅对试管内蛔虫有抑制产卵作用,但对体内蛔虫却无影响。     

枝叶油对四纹豆象成虫的产卵趋避及熏蒸作用研究

[目的]探讨桉叶油对四纹豆象[Callosobruchus maculates(Fabricius)]成虫的产卵趋避及熏蒸作用。[方法]采用简化后的干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)作为评价指标,评价了桉叶油对四纹豆象成虫的产卵趋避作用,并采用药纸熏蒸法测定了桉叶油及其主要成分1,8-桉叶素对四纹豆象成虫的熏蒸毒杀作用。[结果]桉叶油对四纹豆象成虫具有显著的产卵驱避作用,在800μg/cm2的剂量下24 h的产卵IIPC达0.204 5。桉叶油及1,8-桉叶素对四纹豆象成虫均具有强烈的熏蒸毒杀作用,24 h的LC50分别为3.28和3.30 mg/L,而72 h的LC50仅分别为1.83和2.08 mg/L。[结论]为非嗜食性植物次生物质在害虫控制中的利用研究以及对植物次生物质作为粮食保护剂的生产应用提供了理论依据。     

矮小型褐壳蛋鸡产蛋时间和间隔的统计分析

本文对８８０只纯系矮小型褐壳蛋鸡的产蛋时间进行了连续５天的观察,分析结果表明,矮小型褐壳蛋鸡的产蛋时间集中在上午１２时以前,并以９：００～１０：００期间产蛋最为密集,占全天产蛋的１９．５％。连产内第一枚蛋产出时间集中在上午（８９：３３％）,以７：００～９：００间产蛋最多（４９．７１％）;而最后一枚蛋产出时间集中在下午（７１．２０％）,以２：００～４：００间产蛋最多（３６．５８％）。矮小型褐壳蛋鸡连产内产蛋间隔范围为２２．３５～３１．１５小时,每枚蛋平均间隔高峰在２４小时（３６．０％）,群体平均产蛋间隔为２５．０８小时。相邻连产间间隔时间的变异范围很大,最短为３８．０小时,最长达１００．４５小时。     

Toxic effects of neem-based insecticides on Pieris brassicae (Linn.)

Four neem-based insecticides, Neemix^® (0.25% EC @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter), Ecozin^® (3% EC @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter), Agroneem^® (0.15% EC @ 4.8 mg azadirachtin/liter) and Neem oil (0.25% EC azadirachtin @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter) and a non-commercial neem leaf powder, were evaluated for oviposition deterrence, antifeedant effect to larvae and toxicity to eggs and larvae of Pieris brassicae (Linn.) on cabbage leaves in the laboratory. The concentrations tested were with in the ranges of recommended field rates. Oviposition deterrence in no-choice, two-choice and six-choice assays, was observed for all the treatments. They exhibited significant (P < 0.01) oviposition deterrence on P. brassicae when compared with a non-treated control. Cabbage leaves treated with the neem-based insecticides were used as an egg-laying substrate. Numbers of eggs oviposited by P. brassicae adults on treated cabbage leaves were significantly lower then those treated with water, but no significant differences were detected among the neem insecticides. They also deterred feeding by Pieris larvae and exhibited significant antifeedant effects. Larvae of P. brassicae on treated leaves stopped feeding and dropped from the leaf, resulting in no or minimal damage. Direct contact with neem-based insecticides decreased the survival of eggs. Survival of larvae fed for 9 days on leaves treated with neem-based insecticides was reduced to 51%, 49%, 48%, 24% and 18% in the Neem oil, Neemix, Agroneem, Ecozin and neem leaf powder treatments, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present investigations that neem-based insecticides had oviposition deterrence, antifeedant and toxic effect to P. brassicae.