R-41, a sunflower restorer inbred line, carrying two genes for resistance against a highly virulent Spanish population of Orobanche cernua

The inheritance of resistance to a highly virulent population of sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cernua) has been studied in R-41, a Spanish sunflower restorer inbred line. Using the cytoplasmic male-sterile inbred line HA-89 (cms; very susceptible to this population of broomrape) as a female parent, progenies of the cross with R-41, i.e. Fl, F2 and BC1 to both parents, as well as the parental lines, were analysed for their reaction to the broomrape population EC-94. The goodness of fit of the observed vs expected segregation ratios indicated that the inheritance of resistance to broomrape in line R-41 is conferred by two independent dominant genes.     

Study of Resistance to Orobanche ramosa in Host (Oilseed Rape and Carrot) and Non-host (Maize) Plants

Orobanche ramosa is a parasitic Angiosperm responsible for severe yield losses in several economical crops. It is a serious threat in oilseed rape in France and Morocco and is appearing in carrot crops in Morocco. In this study, several varieties of oilseed rape and carrot were screened in order to identify resistant cultivars and to characterize the resistance mechanisms involved. All the 15 oilseed rape varieties tested were susceptible. In carrot, the varieties 'Colmar à coeur rouge' and 'Nantaise demi-longue' were susceptible, whereas 'Palaiseau' and 'Buror' were resistant. In the susceptible 'Colmar à coeur rouge' carrot no defence reactions were found and the development of the parasite inhibited carrot tap root formation. In the resistant carrot varieties, the parasite germinated, became attached to the host root but became necrotic before emergence. In 'Buror' carrot, formation of a mechanical barrier was associated with the restriction to the cortex of the parasite. In maize cv. 'Vigni', a non-host of O. ramosa, thickening of xylem vessels, cell divisions in the central cylinder and formation of an encapsulation layer were observed in association with restricted development of Orobanche haustoria.     

Effects of Broomrape Parasitism on Sunflower Plants: Growth,Development, and Mineral Nutrition

Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a parasitic plant that infects sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. In this work, sunflower plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots with the substrate infested or non-infested with broomrape seeds. At different numbers of days after sowing, plant height, internode lengths, number of leaves, head diameter, mineral composition of leaves, and potassium (K) concentration in stem were measured. The negative effects of broomrape parasitism were assessed from 57 d after sowing, when broomrape started to emerge. Parasitized plants exhibited lower shoot dry weight, height, and head diameter than control plants. The reduction in internode lengths was associated with a decrease in the gradient of K concentration from basal to apical stem. The mineral composition of leaves was also affected in parasitized plants. The concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in leaves of parasitized plants were lower than those of the control plants, while there were few differences for K, phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). The effects of parasitism are discussed in relation to their competition for resources and to perturbations of the host physiology such as hormonal and water balance.     

Pb对赤子爱胜蚓的影响

通过急性毒性试验测定了不同培养条件下Pb对蚯蚓的毒害作用,并通过牛粪、砖红壤培养试验,测定了蚯蚓对Pb的忍耐性,及不同形态Pb对蚯蚓体重的影响。研究结果如下：蚯蚓在在液、沙、泥土和干牛粪中的急性半致死剂量（LD50）分别为354.41 mg/kg、360.95 mg/kg、1228.02 mg/kg和3894.62 mg/kg。蚯蚓在腐熟牛粪中对Pb有很好的忍耐性,当牛粪中Pb含量达到15000 mg/kg时蚯蚓依然能够生存。蚯蚓在Pb污染砖红壤生活60d后回收率和体重均有下降,在土壤Pb含量分别为400 mg/kg和444 mg/kg时蚯蚓的回收率和增长率下降最快,分别为0.6403和-0.4358。限制蚯蚓增长的程度大小Pb形态依次为：碳酸盐结合态>交换态>有机态>无定形氧化锰结合态>晶形氧化铁结合态>无定形氧化铁结合态>残渣态     

小麦光腥黑穗菌萌发的超微结构研究

透射和扫描电镜观察表明,小麦光腥黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发时只生出一根原菌丝,而内壁发生多处消解。原菌丝含有多个细胞核,并有脂肪粒、核糖体、糖原和线粒体等。原菌丝顶端可形成８个担孢子,并桥接形成“Ｈ”形菌丝。     

小麦、蚕豆和油菜对向日葵列当种子萌发的影响

通过盆栽试验和水培试验的方法在不同地区分别种植小麦、蚕豆和油菜3种作物,研究这3种作物的甲醇浸提液以及根系分泌物对向日葵列当种子萌发的影响。结果显示,小麦和蚕豆植株的根部甲醇浸提液以及根系分泌物对向日葵列当种子的萌发有较强的刺激作用,其中小麦甲醇浸提液处理的向日葵列当种子萌发率最高(41.5%)。蚕豆植株的甲醇浸提液和根系分泌物也对向日葵列当种子萌发有较强的影响,其中蚕豆根系分泌物处理向日葵列当种子的萌发率高达41.1%。综合得出,小麦和蚕豆的根部可能含有刺激向日葵列当发芽的物质,具有作为向日葵列当诱捕作物的可能性。     

Paederia foetida — a promising ethno-medicinal tribal plant of northeastern India

The northeastern region of India constitutes one of the biodi-versity hotspots of the world. The ethnic groups inhabiting this region practice their distinctive traditional knowledge systems using biod...     

Germination response of Orobanche seeds subjected to conditioning temperature, water potential and growth regulator treatments

Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are parasitic weeds that cause significant losses of crop yield. Experiments were conducted to investigate the seed response to the artificial germination stimulant GR₂₄ in three species of Orobanche subjected to preconditioning under various temperatures, water potentials and with plant growth regulators. The highest germination percentages were observed in Orobanche ramosa, Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche minor seeds conditioned at 18°C for 7 days followed by germination stimulation at 18°C. With the increase of the conditioning period (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), the germination percentage of O. ramosa and O. aegyptiaca progressively decreased. When conditioned at −2 MPa, the germination percentage was lower than at 0 and −1 MPa, especially at 13 and 28°C. Orobanche minor seeds could retain relatively high germination if conditioned at 18, 23 or 28°C, even after significantly extended conditioning periods (up to 84 days). GA₃ (30–100 mg L⁻¹), norflurazon and fluridone (10–100 mg L⁻¹), and brassinolide (0.5–1.0 mg L⁻¹) increased seed germination, while 0.01 mg L⁻¹ uniconazole significantly reduced germination rates of all three Orobanche spp. The promotional effects of GA₃ and norflurazon and the inhibitory effect of uniconazole were evident, even when they were treated for 3 days. Germination of Orobanche seeds was much lower when the unconditioned seeds were directly exposed to GR₂₄ at 10⁻⁶ m . This early GR₂₄-induced inhibition was however alleviated or even eliminated by the inclusion of GA₃ or norflurazon (10–50 mg L⁻¹) in the conditioning medium. On the contrary, the inclusion of uniconazole increased the inhibitory effect of GR₂₄, particularly in the case of O. ramosa.     

Three<Emphasis Type="Italic">Orobanche</Emphasis> species newly found on crops in israel

Orobanche amethystea Thuill.,O. loricata Reichenb. andO. pubescens D’Urv. were found to parasitize the roots of cultivated plants in Israel.Orobanche pubescens is known from the local flora, and was now found to cause damage in parsley fields and toTropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium) in ornamental gardens.Orobanche amethystea andO. loricata are known as occasional weeds in Europe and were recently found for the first time in Israel.Orobanche amethystea densely populated vetch fields in Israel, andO. loricata was found in ornamental gardens. A key for the identification ofOrobanche species in cultivated areas in Israel is given, based on morphological features. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 13, 2002.     

Direct infection of potato tubers by the root parasite Orobanche aegyptiaca

Parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae are known as obligate root parasites that develop haustoria that connect to roots of various host plants. This article describes, for the first time, a case where the root parasite successfully connected to potato tubers, i.e. to the swollen portion of an underground stem rather than to a root. The rhizosphere of Orobanche aegyptiaca and of its host Solanum tuberosum (potato) was carefully examined. In anatomical studies, the adventitious roots were directly connected to potato tubers. Numerous secondary haustoria, which developed along the adventitious roots in close vicinity to the potato tuber, penetrated the tuber epidermis and the perimedullary tuber parenchyma and developed xylem strands that are presumably connected to the minor xylem strands within the tuber cortex. These findings indicate that parasites of the Orobanchaceae that normally attack host roots may also parasitise underground stem tubers.