植物源活性成分对有机磷农药的降解效果研究

为探索有机磷农药降解的新途径和方法,以大黄、海桐皮、木槿皮、五倍子按9:4:3:2质量份数混合,粉碎并以水浸泡,以GC-MS定量检测法、农残速测法,通过比较试验前后有机磷农药浓度变动,明确其对有机磷农药的降解效果。结果表明,2 min内浸提液对毒死蜱、对硫磷2种有机磷农药降解率分别达到93.6%、92.9%;浸提液17 h内对敌敌畏降解率为66.67%,11 h内对毒死蜱降解率为48.69%。本研究表明,大黄、海桐皮、木槿皮、五倍子浸提液对毒死蜱、对硫磷、敌敌畏等有机磷农药有显著降解效果。     

有机磷农药混合标准溶液配制不确定度评价（英文）

标准溶液的不确定度对农药残留检测起着非常重要的作用,影响着检测结果的准确性。笔者以实际应用的14种有机磷农药混合标准溶液为例,采用配制混合标准溶液过程单元操作的不确定度计算方法(top down),分析了在配制混合标准溶液过程中的所有影响因素,得到了最终的扩展不确定度。最终结果显示使用精准的移液器将储备液配置为混合标液,得到最终的扩展不确定度相对小。     

A review on the mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia induced by organophosphorus pesticides

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are cholinesterase-inhibiting chemicals used as pesticide. Exposures to OPs cause a significant number of poisonings and deaths each year. One of the reported adverse effects in human exposure to OPs is hyperglycemia. Animal studies have also shown altered glucose homeostasis following acute or chronic exposures to OPs. The objective of this paper is to provide a brief review of the mechanisms involved in the OP-induced glucose homeostasis alteration. To reach this objective, a search of the literature using Medline/Index Medicus, Scopus, and Chemical Abstract were performed, most of relevant citations were studied and summarized. To better understand the nature of glucose homeostasis, the principles of glucose production, metabolism, and its hormonal control have been discussed. Collection of theses studies support the conclusion that hyperglycemia is the outcome of acute or chronic exposure to OPs. OPs can influence body glucose homeostasis by several mechanisms including physiological stress, oxidative stress, inhibition of paraoxonase, nitrosative stress, pancreatitis, inhibition of cholinesterase, stimulation of adrenal gland, and disturbance in metabolism of liver tryptophan.     

Binding of phenthoate to bovine serum albumin and reduced inhibition on acetylcholinesterase

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are of environmental significance due to their high toxicity to animals. Binding to plasma proteins may effective influence the toxicological properties of xenobiotics. In an attempt to evaluate the affinity of phenthoate (PTA) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and inhibitory ability of bound PTA to acetylcholinesterase (AChE), we investigated the interactions between phenthoate (PTA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using tryptophan fluorescence quenching and subsequent inhibition on AChE activity by PTA. The results showed that PTA caused the fluorescence quenching of BSA because of the formation of a PTA-BSA complex. Quenching constants (K_sv), determined using the Sterns-Volmer equation to provide a measure of the binding affinity between PTA and BSA at 303, 306, 310 and 313 K were (3.4295 ± 0.0763) × 10⁻⁴, (3.2446 ± 0.0635) × 10⁻⁴, (3.0434 ± 0.0856) × 10⁻⁴ and (2.8262 ± 0.0569) × 10⁻⁴ M⁻¹, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH and ΔS were −25.04 kJ mol⁻¹ and 168.94 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively, which indicated that the electrostatic interactions played a major role in PTA-BSA association. The presence of BSA consistently reduced the inhibitory ability of PTA on AChE, with the relative activity being increased from 46.98 to 61.71% for the concentration range of BSA between 0 and 4.0 g L⁻¹.     

长期接触有机磷农药的农民体内自由基含量的调查报告

[目的]调查长期接触有机磷农药的农民体内自由基的含量。[方法]随机抽取豫北农村地区长期接触有机磷农药的农民790人,分别检测其体内MDA、SOD、GSH-PX、LPO含量。[结果]接触有机磷农药10年以上的农民体内自由基含量明显增加,但增加量无年限差异。[结论]农民长期接触有机磷农药会引起体内自由基含量增加。     

前处理过程中采用活性炭过滤对蔬菜有机磷农残测定的影响

[目的]了解活性炭对蔬菜有机磷农药残留测定的影响。[方法]在西葫芦样品中添加一定量的7种有机磷农药混合标准溶液制成一定浓度的模拟加标样品,进行活性炭过滤和不使用活性炭过滤2种前处理,气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留。[结果]活性炭过滤处理的7种有机磷农药的回收率都低于不使用活性炭处理。活性炭过滤后,甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、甲拌磷和毒死蜱的回收率都低于70%。不使用活性炭过滤处理的相对标准偏差为3.9%~7.7%,活性炭过滤处理的相对标准偏差为5.3%~18.2%,均符合要求。[结论]在前处理过程中采用活性炭过滤,会降低有机磷的回收率,影响测定结果,所以尽量不用活性炭。     

荧光法测定有机磷农药残留总量的条件优化研究

[目的]为农药污染的治理提供有价值的参考和依据。[方法]在pH值6.40的Clark-Lubs缓冲溶液中,加入碱性藏花红(ST)与一定浓度的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS),测定荧光强度,再加入有机磷农药,检测荧光强度变化,据此建立测定有机磷农药残留总量的新方法。[结果]有机磷农药残留总量荧光法测定的优化条件为:在室温下,以ST+SDBS为反应体系,ST浓度为5.0×10-6mol/L,SDBS浓度为9.0×10-4mol/L,缓冲溶液pH值为6.40,缓冲溶液用量为1.0 ml,溶液中甲醇的用量控制在10%以内。[结论]试验所建立的测定方法已成功用于土壤中有机磷农药残留总量的检测。     

枸杞中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的测定

建立了用配有氮磷检测器(NPD)的气相色谱仪测定枸杞中敌敌畏、氧化乐果、久效磷、乐果、马拉硫磷、对硫磷、克百威、抗蚜威8种农药残留量的方法。试样用乙腈提取,加氯化钠,使水相与有机相分层,取一定量有机相浓缩、定容。采用外标法定量。该方法的检出限为0.0016mg/kg～0.021mg/kg,8种农药的添加回收率为83.3%～116%,测定的相对标准偏差为1.23%～13.8%。方法简便、准确。     

Cross-enhancement of accelerated biodegradation of organophosphorus compounds in soils: Dependence on structural similarity of compounds

Rates of degradation of seven organophosphate nematicides and insecticides were examined in two soils known to show accelerated biodegradation of fenamiphos and one soil known to show accelerated biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. The results indicated that several organophosphate insecticides and one nematicide were susceptible to cross-enhanced degradation in the soil showing accelerated biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. No cross-enhancement was observed in the two soils showing accelerated degradation of fenamiphos. Fumigation resulted in the complete inhibition of pesticide degradation in all soils. The data suggested that the cross-enhancement of selected pesticides in chlorpyrifos-degrading soil was dependent on the structural similarity of the compounds. Mechanisms of degradation of pesticide in soil support this hypothesis, where structurally similar compounds (diazinon, parathion, coumaphos and isazofos) were hydrolysed by microbial activity in chlorpyrifos-degrading soil but the degradation products were accumulated. Enhanced degradation of chlorpyrifos and fenamiphos was found to be stable in the laboratory condition for a period of one year.     

多组分农药分析方法研究 Ⅱ.稻米中18种有机磷、有机氮类农药残留量的毛细管气相色谱分析

对稻米中18种农药包括有机磷类13种、有机氮类5种的残留分析方法研究结果表明,上述18个组分可在一根OV—101石英熔融毛细柱上获得较好的分离,相对保留值变异系数平均为0.468%;两个单位采用同种方法分析,添加回收率平均分别为93.56±8.94%和91.88±7.62%,方法精密度、灵敏度及线性关系等均在允许范围之内。