Effects of aqueous extracts and decomposition of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. debris on selected agronomic crops

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of aqueous extract and the debris of Mile-a-Minute ( Mikania micrantha H.B.K.) on the germination and growth of four test species, viz. tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.), corn ( Zea mays L.) and long bean ( Vigna sesquipedalis L.). Germination percentage, radicle length and fresh weight of two crops, Chinese cabbage and tomato, decreased progressively when plants were exposed to increasing concentrations (12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 g L⁻¹) of aqueous extract of Mikania , but did not affect those of corn and long bean seedlings. The emergence of tomato and Chinese cabbage was greatly reduced when Mikania debris was incorporated into the soil, irrespective of the amount of debris and the decomposition period. In contrast, the emergence of corn and long bean seedlings was not affected. The application of fertilizer (NPK 15 : 15 : 15) enhanced the fresh weight of all seedlings tested as compared with those not supplied with the fertilizer. Four compounds were identified in the leaf extract of Mikania , viz. caffeic acid, p -hydroxybenzaldehyde, resorcinol and vanillic acid.     

菟丝子致死薇甘菊

薇甘菊Mikania micrantha是入侵的害草，已经由珠江三角洲扩散到粤东、粤西沿海地区，以及部分山区。在薇甘菊的天敌调查中看到菟丝子寄生于薇甘菊，严重时可以把薇甘菊致死。我们在本所的实验园中栽种薇甘菊，并让其被菟丝子Cusuta chinensis Lam.寄生，结果证实菟丝子在两个月左右，完全可以抑制薇甘菊的生长，最终把薇甘菊致死。这可能是以草治草的一种新途径，但是菟丝子也是我国农作物的一种重要昌，如何利用菟丝子控制薇甘菊的为害，而又不使菟丝子对薇甘菊的伴生植物和鞭它农作物造成为害，是下一步要解决的问题，菟丝子致死薇甘菊的机理更需要深入研究。     

基于无人机遥感的盛花期薇甘菊监测技术

薇甘菊是世界十大有害杂草之一,其泛滥会对生态系统造成重大影响。建立一个高空间分辨率全域尺度的薇甘菊预警评估方法,是防治薇甘菊的关键手段之一。目前对薇甘菊的监测主要有人工踏查、卫星遥感监测,但前者效率低下而后者识别精度不够。以无人机为载体,通过采集待监测区域的薇甘菊彩色图像,应用Otsu-K-means、RGB、HSV色彩空间阈值分割算法以及K-means-RGB、K-means-HSV、K-means-RGB-HSV融合算法和MobileNetV3深度学习算法进行识别,采用召回率、精确率和均衡平均数F1值共3个评价指标对识别结果进行评价。实验结果表明K-means-RGB-HSV算法对盛花期薇甘菊的整体识别效果最佳。在此基础上,基于识别结果应用模糊层次分析法以及盖度公式,初步建立了薇甘菊的预警评估方法,划分了5个薇甘菊入侵危害等级,可根据所需监测精度的不同,设置不同尺寸的网格和辐射半径,绘制出薇甘菊入侵的精准分布热力图,能够清晰准确地体现不同区域的入侵薇甘菊的危害程度。在厘米级分辨率精度下,实现了基于无人机遥感的盛花期薇甘菊精准监测,为薇甘菊入侵的监测、预警和精准防治提供了有力支撑。     

Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.     

薇甘菊的危害与防除研究

薇甘菊作为我国南方重要的入侵危害植物,近年来迅速蔓延。对农业、林业发展造成了极大危害。本文对薇甘菊的危害、防除的最新研究进展进行了综述。为进一步有效防除薇甘菊提供参考。     

薇甘菊的分布危害、生物防治及资源化利用研究现状与展望

薇甘菊作为唯一一种全国林业检疫有害植物,由于其较强的攀援、繁殖扩散能力,以及极强的化感作用,对入侵地区的林农业发展产生了极大的危害;作为一种菊科植物薇甘菊有极强的资源化利用价值,在生物农药,药物等方面都有着广泛的利用前景。此文对薇甘菊的生物学特性、分布、适生区及危害进行介绍,对国内外薇甘菊生物防治及资源化利用的研究现状进行综述。     

小花假泽兰提取物抑菌活性研究

以石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇对小花假泽兰茎叶进行依次提取。采用离体和活体试验法测定3种有机溶剂提取物对3种植物病原真菌的抑制活性。生长速率法试验结果表明：在干样0.09 g/ml浓度下,乙酸乙酯提取物能显著抑制番茄灰霉病、苹果炭疽病、南瓜枯萎病3种病原真菌菌丝的生长,抑制率均在90%以上。组织法试验结果表明：在干样0.18 g/ml浓度下,石油醚提取物对番茄果实灰霉病的治疗效果为63.55%,乙醇提取物保护效果为71.47%。对小麦白粉病的盆栽试验结果表明：石油醚提取物保护作用为81.26%,乙酸乙酯提取物治疗作用为62.07%。     

基于MaxEnt 的云南省薇甘菊分布预测及评价

利用MaxEnt生态位模型预测云南薇甘菊适生区分布,结果显示,ROC曲线的AUC值均在0.9以上,预测结果具有较高的可信度.影响薇甘菊分布的主要环境因子包括最湿季降雨量(贡献率28.8％)、海拔(贡献率22.1％)、土地覆盖现状(贡献率15.3％)、最湿季平均温、年均降水量、年平均温.从因子的响应曲线分析得出,云南薇甘菊最适环境参数为海拔1 100m,最湿季平均温为22℃,最湿季降雨量为760 mm,土地覆盖为未郁闭林地、灌木林地和荒地等.从样本点数量、环境因子选择及人为影响3个方面对MaxEnt模型预测的云南薇甘菊分布结果进行比较和评价.     

小花假泽兰化学成分及其生物活性研究进展

综述了近年来小花假泽兰化学成分及其生物活性的研究,主要从其在精油化学成分、非精油化学成分、医用及农用生物活性方面的研究情况进行了概述,并分析了其发展方向及前景。     

橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病菌培养滤液对薇甘菊的除草活性

[目的]探讨橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病菌培养滤液对薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)的除草活性。[方法]采用室内生物活性测定方法,研究了7种植物病害真菌培养滤液对恶性入侵杂草薇甘菊种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用,并评价了橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病真菌培养滤液对辣椒和番茄的安全性。[结果]橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病病原真菌培养滤液对薇甘菊种子萌发以及根、茎、幼苗生长均有较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别达72.7%、93.0%、32.4%和54.6%(鲜重)。橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病病原真菌培养滤液对番茄种子萌发和根茎生长均表现安全,而对辣椒种子萌发有抑制作用。[结论]橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病病原真菌毒素培养滤液及其代谢物值得作为生物除草剂进一步开发。