The Effect of Inoculation Treatment and Long-term Application of Moisture on Fusarium Head Blight Symptoms and Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Wheat Grains

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat, which can result in the contamination of grains with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Artificial inoculation of flowering ears with conidial suspensions is widely used to study FHB diseases. Our goal was to compare four inoculation treatments in which a conidial suspension was sprayed on flowering ears and to study the effect of the application of moisture during kernel setting and filling with a mist-irrigation system. Ten wheat genotypes were inoculated with a DON-producing Fusarium culmorum strain. Inoculation treatments varied in time of application of the inoculum (morning or evening) and in the method of controlling humidity during inoculation (bagging or mist irrigation). A wet season was simulated with a mist-irrigation system, keeping the crop canopy wet for at least 26 days after flowering. The severity of FHB symptoms (area under disease progress curve (AUDPC)), yield loss and DON contamination in the grains were determined. AUDPC data obtained with the different inoculation treatments were highly correlated (r=0.85–0.95). Mist irrigation after inoculation resulted in a higher mean disease severity, but in a overall lower toxin contamination as compared to the non-irrigated treatments. Genotypic differences in DON accumulation were present: for one wheat line toxin contamination significantly increased when irrigated, while two genotypes accumulated significantly less toxin. The closest relationships (r=0.73–0.89) between the visual symptoms and the DON content were obtained under moderate mean infection pressure. This relation between visual symptoms and the DON content deteriorated at higher infection levels.     

Evaluation of Dynamic Structural Disorders in the Upper Airways and Applied Rein Tension in Healthy Dressage Horses During Riding in Different Gaits and Head–Neck Positions

Flexion of the horse’s head and neck during dressage riding reduces the pharyngeal lumen with the risk of increased upper airway resistance and upper airway obstructions. According to the Fédération Equestre Internationale, hyperflexion is achieved through force, whereas the position low–deep–round is nonforced. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) applied rein tension and (2) dynamic structural disorders in the upper airways in dressage horses in different gaits and different head–neck positions (HNPs). Overground endoscopy (OGE) and rein tension were evaluated in 13 clinically healthy and high-performance Warmblood dressage horses while being ridden in a standardized program comprised of four different gaits (halt, walk, trot, and canter) and in four HNPs (unrestrained, competition frame, hyperflexion, and low–deep–round). All included horses were able to achieve the desired HNPs. The HNP low–deep–round showed significantly lower rein tension than competition frame (P < .001) and hyperflexion (P < .001). An association was found between dynamic structural disorders in the upper airway tract evaluated by OGE and head–neck flexion, but this association was not linked to the degree of flexion. The HNP hyperflexion was neither associated with greater rein tension nor severe dynamic structural disorders than the HNP competition frame. This study confirms that low–deep–round is a nonforced position, in contrast to hyperflexion. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether dynamic structural disorders are a result of flexion or if the degree of flexion has an impact.     

羊传染性脓疮皮炎治疗

羊传染性脓痂皮炎又被称为羊传染性脓疱病、羊口疮病,是由羊传染性脓疱病毒感染引发的一种急性接触性传染性疾病。羊养殖主产区均有发生,是一种常见疾病。羊传染性脓痂皮炎虽然造成的死亡率较低,但是会严重影响羊群正常采食,造成营养物质供给不足,身体逐渐消瘦,抵抗能力变差,易继发感染多种传染性疾病,表现出复杂的临床症状,威胁羊群健康。     

Increased abundance of patatins,lipoxygenase and miraculins in a thaxtomin A-habituated potato Russet Burbank somaclone with enhanced resistance to common scab

Potato common scab caused by the actinobacterium Streptomyces scabiei is characterized by the formation of corky lesions on tubers that reduce their marketability. Management of common scab is very complex and often ineffective under various environmental conditions. Using potato varieties that are more resistant to common scab remains one of the most efficient strategies to control this disease. However, very little is known about the factors associated with resistance to common scab. Somaclone RB9 regenerated from thaxtomin A-habituated potato Russet Burbank calli produced tubers more resistant to common scab than the original variety. Comparison of the RB9 tuber proteome with that of Russet Burbank using label-free quantitative proteomic analysis revealed changes in the accumulation of defence-related proteins from the patatin and lipoxygenase (LOX) families, which are involved in the metabolism of lipids, and of two miraculins of the Kunitz-type protease inhibitors family. The implication of LOX during common scab infection was studied using synchronized minitubers developed from leaf-bud cuttings. S. scabiei infection stimulated the accumulation of LOX in both Russet Burbank and RB9 minitubers, but this accumulation was intensified in RB9 minitubers. Infection also increased LOX activity in Russet Burbank and RB9 minitubers. However, LOX activity measured in noninfected RB9 minitubers was similar to that of infected Russet Burbank minitubers, indicating endogenous activation of LOX activity in RB9 minitubers. We discuss how increased LOX abundance and activity in the somaclone RB9 may contribute to improving tuber defence against common scab.     

抗4,抗7高粱品种选育及对丝黑穗病抗性的遗传

抗４，抗７高粱杂交种是由Ｔｘ６２２Ａ不育系和晋粱５号，忻粱７号恢复系杂交选育而成。具有高产，高抗至免疫丝黑穗病和适应性广等特点，增产１５％－１８％，在人工接菌条件下发病率为０，对照种为８２．４％，是目前山西，河北，陕西，甘肃和天津等省市生产上推广的骨干品种。     

我国防治小麦赤霉病的药剂种类评析

赤霉病是小麦生长后期的第一大病害,严重威胁小麦生产安全.近年来,赤霉病流行频率增加,发生为害加重,已成为常发性病害.目前,化学防治仍是防控该病的重要手段.为此,统计了我国登记用于防控赤霉病的农药品种数量、产品剂型、毒性级别,简要评析了不同农药的成分、作用机理及优缺点,指出当前已登记防治该病的农药所存在的主要问题,并提出...     

西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的种类和生物学特性,分别采用常规组织分离法和土壤混悬液分离法从宁夏、陕西和甘肃3个省区采集的29份疮痂病发病薯块和8份发病地块土壤中进行病原菌分离,并利用形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,从发病薯块和发病土壤中共分离到50株链霉菌Streptomyces spp.,通过回接法验证获得6株马铃薯疮痂病致病菌株。6株致病菌株的培养特性和形态特征差别较大;其中菌株G4-1、G9和SYN13不能以果糖和木糖为单一碳源,菌株SYNT3不能以棉子糖为单一碳源;除菌株NLG4-1外,其余5株菌株均能在络氨酸琼脂培养基上产生黑色素。经16S rDNA序列分析,菌株G4-1、G9与疮痂病链霉菌S. scabiei的相似率分别达99.47%和99.34%,菌株NLG4-1、SYNT3与S. enissocaesilis的相似率分别达97.90%和98.18%,菌株GBH2与加利利链霉菌S. galilaeus的相似率达99.93%,菌株SYN13与S. turgidiscabies的相似率达97.56%,表明西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌至少存在4个种。     

不同处理对蛭石栽培的微型薯疮痂病防控效果及其微生态效应分析

通过田间小区试验评价了6个不同处理对蛭石栽培的微型马铃薯疮痂病的防效,并采用16S核糖体基因高通量测序技术研究了蛭石中细菌群落结构的变化.试验结果显示,棉隆+青霉菌34107处理对疮痂病防效最好(93.43％),显著高于对照药剂中生菌素处理(65.10％);而且商品薯的数量和经济效益也最高,分别达到348.3万个/hm...     

基于适宜尺度选择的冬小麦赤霉病遥感监测

为快速、准确获取江淮麦区县域冬小麦赤霉病发生信息,选用中、高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像做多尺度信息融合研究。在筛选适宜冬小麦田块分布特征的空间尺度遥感影像基础上,通过分析冬小麦长势指标和赤霉病病情指数之间的互作关系,构建基于多农学参数的冬小麦赤霉病估测模型,并对县域冬小麦赤霉病空间变化进行遥感监测。结果表明:(1)2m×2m、8m×8m和16m×16m三种空间尺度融合影像的均值相差不大,平均梯度和标准差存在明显差异。16m×16m融合影像的清晰度最好,信息量也多,比较适合研究区域冬小麦田块分布特征。(2)16m×16m融合影像提取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和比值植被指数(RVI)值明显高于2m×2m和8m×8m融合影像,说明16m×16m融合影像光谱信息量较丰富,有利于冬小麦的识别。(3)冬小麦叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量和地上部生物量是影响赤霉病发生的主要长势指标。基于主要长势指标构建冬小麦赤霉病估测模型,平方根误差(REMS)为10.5%,相对误差为14.6%。该方法可以实现对县域冬小麦赤霉病空间变化的有效监测。