异色瓢虫对雪松长足大蚜的捕食作用

为明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对雪松长足大蚜Cinara cedri的捕食能力,采用捕食功能反应方法在室内测定了异色瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫对雪松长足大蚜4龄若蚜的捕食功能反应、寻找效应、种内干扰效应及环境温度对其捕食能力的影响。结果显示:异色瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫对雪松长足大蚜若蚜的捕食功能反应类型均属于Holling II型,成虫对雪松长足大蚜的捕食能力强于幼虫,幼虫的捕食能力随虫龄的增大而增强,1～4龄幼虫及成虫的日最大捕食量分别是11.41、41.32、61.73、140.85、188.68头;异色瓢虫1～4龄幼虫及成虫对雪松长足大蚜4龄若蚜的寻找效应随猎物密度的增加而下降,二者之间呈线性相关,相关系数为0.9758～0.9993,其中2龄幼虫的搜寻效应随猎物密度的增加,下降趋势最大,成虫则下降趋势最小;异色瓢虫成虫的捕食受到较强的种内干扰,在猎物密度和捕食空间一定的情况下,单头日平均捕食量随其自身密度的增加而降低,二者间关系符合模型A=58.8391x~(-0.3313);异色瓢虫的捕食受环境温度影响明显,在15～35℃范围内,其成虫对雪松长足大蚜的捕食量先增加后减少,25℃是异色瓢虫最适宜的捕食温度。表明异色瓢虫对雪松长足大蚜有很强的捕食能力,尤其是成虫和高龄幼虫,但应用时还需考虑温度因素的影响。     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜捕食的作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明:异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。     

SO2胁迫对异色瓢虫的生长发育及保护酶的影响

为了研究SO2对昆虫天敌的影响,本试验采用单体和群体饲养的方法研究了0(ck) 、855、1995、3990和5700 mg/m3 5个SO2浓度处理对异色瓢虫[Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)]的生长发育和体内保护酶的影响.结果表明:各个不同浓度的SO2都能促进异色瓢虫幼虫的发育进度,提高幼虫的体重...     

光周期和食物对异色瓢虫生长发育的影响

本试验在培养温度为20℃、光周期10L:14D和14L:10D条件下,分别饲喂白杨毛蚜和菜缢管蚜,观察异色瓢虫的生长发育情况。结果表明:光周期、食物因素对异色瓢虫生长发育都能产生一定影响,但光周期因素的影响较大。异色瓢虫成虫前发育历期在长光照(14L:10D)下比在短光照(10L:14D)下显著延长,饲喂白杨毛蚜延长雌虫1.0d、雄虫1.5d,饲喂菜缢管蚜延长雌虫3.6d、雄虫3.1d。在短光照下,食物对异色瓢虫成虫前发育历期影响差异不显著;在长光照下,异色瓢虫的发育受食物变化影响显著,取食白杨毛蚜的异色瓢虫比取食菜缢管蚜的发育快。根据异色瓢虫的羽化率、雌雄比、产卵前期和羽化后20d的单雌产卵量的变化,表明其羽化后发育主要受光周期影响,受食物影响较小。     

低温冷藏对越冬代异色瓢虫生理生化指标的影响

在3℃条件下,对越冬代异色瓢虫[Harmonia axyridis(Pall)]雌、雄虫不同冷藏时间(0,30,60,90,120,150 d)的糖、蛋白质、脂肪、含水量等生理生化指标进行了测定。结果表明:冷藏期间,含糖量随冷藏时间的增加而降低,各冷藏时间之间的含糖量差异显著,冷藏0 d雌雄成虫的含糖量最高,分别达40.00μg/mg和43.69μg/mg;整个冷藏期间雌虫蛋白质含量显著高于冷藏0 d的蛋白质含量;整个冷藏期间雄虫蛋白质含量与冷藏0 d的蛋白质含量差异不显著;脂肪含量随冷藏时间的增加而降低,各冷藏时间之间的脂肪含量差异显著,冷藏0 d雌、雄成虫的脂肪含量最高,分别达475.87μg/mg和450.67μg/mg;含水量随冷藏时间的增加而降低,但差异不显著。     

蛋白质结构的预测及其应用

蛋白质结构的预测是结构基因组学的重要研究内容,本文就蛋白质结构预测的方法和应用进行了综述,介绍了比较建模、折叠识别、从头计算等3种方法及其在结构基因组学研究、药物设计、蛋白质设计中的应用,并且对蛋白质结构预测存在的主要问题进行了讨论,指出了今后蛋白质结构预测研究重点在于优化比对算法和计分函数以及膜蛋白的结构预测.     

异色瓢虫胁迫对棉铃虫生长发育及压力蛋白基因表达的影响

【目的】明确不同食源异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)胁迫对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)生长发育和变态发育的影响,探讨棉铃虫是否能感知并分级捕食风险、能否在生长发育和变态发育上体现出权衡效应;明确长时和短时胁迫对棉铃虫压力蛋白基因表达的影响,探讨异色瓢虫胁迫能否引起棉铃虫分子水平上的生理反应。【方法】通过设置7种不同食源的异色瓢虫胁迫处理(饥饿处理、虾卵处理、棉铃虫幼虫处理、棉铃虫卵处理、蚜虫处理、蚜虫对照处理、对照处理),观察记录棉铃虫在胁迫下的生长发育(幼虫历期、蛹历期、雌雄蛾寿命、总寿命)和变态发育(蛹重、化蛹率、羽化失败率、卷翅率)指标;设置长时(1龄幼虫至3日龄成虫)和短时(15 min至6 h)异色瓢虫胁迫处理,利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术检测棉铃虫压力蛋白基因(即热激蛋白基因)Hsp70和Hsp90及热激同源蛋白基因Hsc70在胁迫后的表达水平变化。【结果】在捕食性天敌异色瓢虫的胁迫下,棉铃虫幼虫历期、蛹期、雌雄蛾寿命、总寿命均显著性缩短,蛹重和化蛹率显著性下降,成虫卷翅率显著性升高,而羽化失败率无显著性变化。在不同食源的天敌胁迫下,棉铃虫幼虫历期在异色瓢虫取食蚜虫时最短,蛹历期在瓢虫取食棉铃虫卵时最短,总寿命在瓢虫取食虾卵时最短,而雌雄蛾寿命在不同食源天敌胁迫下未表现出显著性差异;棉铃虫成虫卷翅率在瓢虫取食棉铃虫卵时最高,而蛹重、化蛹率、羽化失败率在不同食源天敌胁迫下未表现出显著性差异。压力蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90在短时胁迫下(Hsp70:30min至3 h;Hsp90:15 min、1.5 h、2 h、6 h)表达水平显著性上调,热激同源蛋白基因Hsc70在长时胁迫下(5龄幼虫、预蛹、雄蛹、雌蛾阶段)表达水平显著性上调。【结论】在面对捕食性天敌异色瓢虫长时胁迫作用下,棉铃虫各生长发育阶段均出现缩短的现象,即棉铃虫为躲避被捕食风险表现出了发育加速的现象,而快速的生长发育在一定程度上干扰了变态发育,导致蛹重和化蛹率下降,成虫卷翅率提高,符合权衡效应。棉铃虫对不同食源的天敌胁迫具有不同程度的敏感性,即棉铃虫对潜在的捕食风险可能存在一定的分级能力,但这种分级能力没有得到规律性体现。异色瓢虫胁迫能够引起棉铃虫分子层面的生理反应,导致压力蛋白基因的表达上调,其中压力蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90受到短时胁迫的反应较为明显,而热激同源蛋白基因Hsc70受到慢性胁迫刺激的反应更为显著。     

泰安市异色瓢虫色斑类型调查与研究

对泰安市1 320头异色瓢虫越冬成虫进行了观察研究,共发现表现型150种,其中未被记录的20种。按表现型将其分为4种类型：黄底黑斑、橘红底黑斑、黑底红斑和黑底黄斑,其种类数分别为64、67、11和8,各类型数目占调查总数的比例分别为39.24%、30.83%、26.14%和3.79%。黄底黑斑和橘红底黑斑型以十九斑变型最多,黑底红斑和黑底黄斑型以显明变型居多。对各斑点出现频率统计结果表明,斑点1/2在雄虫出现的频率约为雌虫的1/4,斑点9约为雌虫的1/2,其余各斑点雌虫均高于雄虫。首次对斑点和联斑不对称的异色瓢虫进行了命名,优化了记号命名法。     

Chronic moderate heat dermatitis (erythema ab igne) in five dogs,three cats and one silvered langur

Erythema ab igne, an old and rare disease in the human literature, is an erythematous, often pigmented, reticular, macular dermatosis that occurs at the site of repeated exposure to moderate heat. We identified lesions consistent with erythema ab igne in five dogs, three cats and one silvered langur (Trachypithecus cristatus[Raffles, 1821]). In dogs and cats, the cutaneous lesion distribution typically reflected chronic exposure to moderate heat during lateral or sternal recumbency. The silvered langur developed cutaneous lesions on the dorsal neck from exposure to a heat lamp. Principal clinical lesions consisted of irregular areas of alopecia (7/9) and erythema (7/9), sometimes with hyperpigmentation (3/9). Principal histological features consisted of karyomegaly (9/9) and keratinocyte atypia (4/9), scattered apoptotic or vacuolated basal cells and/or apoptotic keratinocytes (6/9), mild mixed mononuclear interstitial or interface dermatitis (9/9) with adnexal atrophy (8/9), and a variable number of wavy eosinophilic elastic fibres (9/9). The presence of these cutaneous lesions in an animal indicates that the environment should be evaluated for exposure to chronic moderate heat, and the heat source should be eliminated or modified to prevent further exposure and progression of lesions.     

Characterization of polymorphisms of transferrin receptor and their association with susceptibility to ETEC F4ab/ac in pigs

Diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing F4 (F4ab, F4ac and F4ad) fimbriae is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in newborn and weaned pigs. The locus controlling susceptibility towards ETEC F4ab/ac has been mapped to SSC13q41, in which TFRC (transferrin receptor) was localized and considered as a positional candidate gene for ETEC F4ab/ac receptor. In this study, we determined susceptibility/resistance to ETEC F4ab/ac in a total of 755 F2 animals from a White Duroc x Erhualian intercross using a microscopic enterocyte adhesion assay. We identified two TFRC polymorphisms (SNPs 591 A>G and 632 A>G) in a single exon after comparative sequencing analysis of 2371-bp amplicons containing the complete coding region of TFRC using RNA of eight full-sib F2 animals with susceptible and resistant phenotypes. The intron sequences flanking the two exon polymorphisms were obtained, revealing an intron polymorphism (SNP 291 C>T). We genotyped the 19 founder animals of the White Duroc x Erhualian intercross for the identified polymorphisms, showing that only the 291 C>T polymorphism is a highly informative marker. We further genotyped all 59 F1 and 755 F2 animals for the 291 C>T polymorphism, and the association of this polymorphism with susceptibility/resistance to ETEC F4ab/ac in these F2 animals was evaluated by the transmission disequilibrium test. The result showed that the 291 C>T polymorphism is not a causal mutation, however, has a significant linkage disequilibrium with the ETEC F4ab/ac, especially F4ac receptor locus.