Evidence of sedimentation inequality along riparian areas colonised by Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)

Soil loss from riparian areas supporting the annual invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), was measured and compared with equivalent values recorded at nearby, topographically similar areas supporting perennial vegetation over a cumulative seven-year period, along sections of two separate river systems; one in Switzerland, and one in the UK. Soil loss from colonised locations was significantly greater than from reference locations in four of the seven measurement periods. Despite contrasting results, standard deviations, based on soil losses and gains, were predominantly higher for colonised areas at both rivers over most monitoring periods. These findings indicated that areas colonised by Himalayan balsam experience higher sediment flux in comparison with areas free of invasion. Here, we test those original interpretations by reinterrogating the datasets using a more robust analysis of inequality. Nine datasets were tested, five of which (i.e. 56%) showed that sediment flux was significantly greater at Himalayan balsam-invaded areas than at reference areas. Three datasets showed no difference in sediment flux between invaded and reference areas (33%), and one (11%) showed higher sediment flux at reference areas. Most results uphold our original interpretations and support our hypothesis that hydrochory probably dictates where colonisation initially occurs, by depositing Himalayan balsam seeds in slack or depressional areas along river margins. Once Himalayan balsam becomes established and sufficient perennial vegetation is displaced, seasonal die-off and depleted vegetation cover may increase the risk that some areas will experience significantly higher sediment flux.     

中国棉花全要素生产率的国际比较与收敛性

基于中国、美国、印度三国26个棉区1998—2017年的面板数据,运用非参数估计方法测算中美印三国棉花全要素生产率,采用Dagum基尼系数及其分解方法分析三国棉花全要素生产率的差异及其来源,并对棉花全要素生产率的收敛性进行研究。结果表明:1999—2017年,中国棉花全要素生产率具有明显的波动性,但总体呈负增长态势,落后于美国和印度;中国三大棉区棉花全要素生产率增长有差异,黄河流域棉区增长率最高,但仍为负增长,西北内陆棉区纯技术效率较有优势;中美印三国棉花全要素生产率变动的总体差异呈缩小趋势,但波动特征明显;国家间差异是三国各棉区棉花全要素生产率差异的主要来源;整体上来看,棉花全要素生产率增长率存在α收敛和绝对β收敛,不存在条件β收敛,但各国收敛性不尽相同。     

基于遥感和空间洛伦茨曲线的北京市昌平区土地利用结构时空变化分析

以遥感影像为数据源,提取2000,2003和2007年三时相的昌平区土地利用信息,以高程150 m为界限划分为山地生态涵养区和平原经济发展区。分析表明,平原经济发展区土地利用结构变化主要体现为耕地向城矿居用地转化,而山地生态涵养区各组分变化并不明显。应用空间洛伦茨曲线和空间基尼系数分析揭示三时相不同土地用途的分布特征,研究发现水域和城矿居用地的空间分布在三时相最不均匀,集中于平原经济发展区,耕地和林地比较均匀,未利用地分布变化较大。7年之间耕地、林地和水域在向均匀方向发展,城矿居用地先趋于不均匀后转向均匀发展,未利用地恰好相反。     

中国农业面源污染排放的空间差异及其动态演变

以2003—2014年为研究时段,在测算农业面源污染排放强度的基础上,综合运用基尼系数和非参数估计方法,研究我国农业面源污染的空间差异及其动态演变,结果表明:1)我国农业面源污染排放总体下降,且表现出明显的空间差异,东部和中部地区的排放强度较高,西部和东北地区则相对较低。2)2003—2014年,中国农业面源污染排放强度的区域差异略微扩大,地区间差异是其总体差异的主要来源。3)核密度估计结果表明,中国农业面源污染排放总体差异表现为"下降-上升-下降"的波动变化趋势。4)马尔科夫链分析表明,中国农业面源污染在不同类型间的相互流动较为微弱,但从长期来看,存在向两极分化发展的趋势特征。     

黄河流域水资源、能源与粮食生产的时空匹配及阻尼效应

水、能源与粮食是人类生活与可持续发展的重要保障,探究水资源、能源对粮食生产作用对于优化资源配置与保障粮食安全有着重要的意义。该研究运用洛伦兹曲线与基尼系数评估黄河流域上中下游水资源、能源与粮食生产之间的匹配度,并基于柯布-道格拉斯函数引入粮食增长阻尼模型测算出黄河流域水资源与能源对于粮食生产的制约程度。结果表明：1）黄河流域水资源、能源对粮食的基尼指数呈现出先减小后增大情形,黄河下游区域的匹配度要比上中游区域更为合理,2019年,下游区域水资源、能源对粮食都呈现出高度匹配状态情形。2）黄河流域水资源对于粮食生产的阻尼系数波动较大,阻尼系数变化范围为0.005～0.032,且水资源对粮食增长阻尼作用呈现出6 a一周期情形。能源对于粮食生产的阻尼作用呈现出稳步上升情形,且在2015后上增较快。在水资源与能源约束条件下,2019年黄河流域粮食产量增长要比上一年分别降低0.76%与5.28%。3）黄河流域水资源阻尼系数呈现出西部小东部大情形,能源阻尼效应呈中高约束状态集中在黄河上游东部区域与下游区域,低约束状态集中于黄河中游区域。另外,黄河流域水资源与能源阻尼系数具有典型的空间集聚特征,水资源阻尼效应高-高集聚区主要分布在黄河下游区域,能源阻尼效应低-低集聚区分布在中游北部区域。研究结论可为黄河流域粮食的稳定增长与资源有效配置提供科学依据。     

洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数在林业上的应用

文章采用洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数的统计方法,对绥化市北林区一块样地的林木胸径分布情况进行统计分析,进而确定林木分化状况和分化程度,通过实践验证了洛伦次曲线和基尼系数的统计方法可正确反映林木分化程度,可用以正确指导和确定森林经营方案.     

A method for estimating coefficients of soil organic matter dynamics based on long-term experiments

The one-compartment C model C_t=C₀e^−k₂t+k₁A/k₂(1−e^−k₂t) is being long used to simulate soil organic C (SOC) stocks. C_t is the SOC stock at the time t; C₀, the initial SOC stock; k₂, the annual rate of SOC loss (mainly mineralization and erosion); k₁, the annual rate to which the added C is incorporated into SOC; and A, the annual C addition. The component C₀e^−k₂t expresses the decay of C₀ and, for a time t, corresponds to the remains of C₀ (C_0 remains). The component k₁A/k₂(1−e^−k₂t) refers, at time t, to the stock of SOC derived from C crops (C_crop). We herein propose a simple method to estimate k₁ and k₂ coefficients for tillage systems conducted in long-term experiments under several cropping systems with a wide range of annual C additions (A) and SOC stocks. We estimated k₁ and k₂ for conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT), which has been conducted under three cropping systems (oat/maize −O/M, vetch/maize −V/M and oat + vetch/maize + cowpea −OV/MC) and two N-urea rates (0 kg N ha⁻¹ −0 N and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ −180 N) in a long-term experiment established in a subtropical Acrisol with C₀ = 32.55 Mg C ha⁻¹ in the 0–17.5 cm layer. A linear equation (C_t = a + bA) between the SOC stocks measured at the 13th year (0–17.5 cm) and the mean annual C additions was fitted for CT and NT. This equation is equivalent to the equation of the model C_t=C₀e^−k₂t+k₁A/k₂(1−e^−k₂t), so that a=C₀e^−k₂t and bA=k₁A/k₂(1−e^−k₂t). Such equivalences thus allow the calculation of k₁ and k₂. NT soil had a lower rate of C loss (k₂ = 0.019 year⁻¹) than CT soil (k₂ = 0.040 year⁻¹), while k₁ was not affected by tillage (0.148 year⁻¹ under CT and 0.146 year⁻¹ under NT). Despite that only three treatments had lack of fit (LOFIT) value lower than the critical 5% F value, all treatments showed root mean square error (RMSE) lower than RMSE 95% indicating that simulated values fall within 95% confidence interval of the measurements. The estimated SOC stocks at steady state (C_e) in the 0–17.5 cm layer ranged from 15.65 Mg ha⁻¹ in CT O/M 0 N to 60.17 Mg ha⁻¹ in NT OV/MC 180 N. The SOC half-life (t_1/2 = ln 2/k₂) was 36 years in NT and 17 years in CT, reflecting the slower C turnover in NT. The effects of NT on the SOC stocks relates to the maintenance of the initial C stocks (higher C_0 remais), while increments in C_crop are imparted mainly by crop additions.     

区域基尼系数及其在区域水土资源匹配分析中的应用

水土资源的匹配对于农业生产非常重要,因此如何定量测度区域水土资源的总体匹配 程度,对于合理开发利用水资源和耕地资源具有战略意义.通过区域基尼曲线及系数的构建 ,为区域水土资源的匹配研究提供了新的思路.研究结果表明,我国(省际间)的水土资源 匹配程度与世界(国际间)的水土资源匹配程度以及亚洲(国际间)的水土资源匹配程度相当.     

宝鸡市12区县水资源生态安全基尼系数分析

为了能够统筹安排宝鸡市的水资源,提高水资源的利用率,对未来区域经济发展中如何确保生态安全提出对策提供一定的参考依据,本研究结合宝鸡市12区、县水资源的现状,应用洛伦兹曲线的基本原理及基尼系数计算方法,对2009年宝鸡市的水资源与耕地资源、GDP和人口布局等的匹配程度进行分析。计算得到宝鸡市水资源与耕地资源、GDP、人口匹配的基尼系数分别是0.3527、0.4501、0.5472,可以认为宝鸡市水资源与耕地资源匹配较好,而与GDP和人口分布匹配却极不平衡。     

基于基尼系数的吉林省水资源空间匹配分析

水资源的空间分布特征决定一个地区的产业布局和发展方向,定量分析水资源的空间匹配特征可为合理安排工农业生产布局、提高生产力提供科学指导。根据吉林省资源、环境和经济地域差异及自然状况,将全省划分为4个生态经济区,各生态经济区内水资源、耕地、人口数量和工农业产值存在较大差异。通过构建区域基尼曲线和计算区域基尼系数,对吉林省水土资源、水资源与人口、水资源与农业产值、水资源与工业产值的匹配状况做出客观评价。结果表明,吉林省水土资源匹配的区域基尼系数为G1=0.610 6,水土资源匹配状况不及我国(省际间)和世界(国际间)平均水平;水资源与人口数量匹配的区域基尼系数为G2=0.503 2,水资源与农业产值匹配的区域基尼系数为G3=0.573 6,水资源与工业产值匹配的区域基尼系数为G4=0.632 0。吉林省水资源与耕地、人口、农业和工业等各要素的空间匹配程度整体较差,这与吉林省生态经济区划的内容相符,建议调整产业布局。