Spring Barley Responses to Row Spacing and Fungicide Triadimefon in Regions with a Short Crop-growing Season

Aspects of intensive management practices such as high-yielding cultivars, narrow-row spacings and fungicide treatments could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out at McGill University, Canada for three years (1987 to 1989) to test the effects of triadimefon (1-[4-chlorophenoxy]-3,3-dimethyl-1-[1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-2-butanone, or Bayleton, a trade name) fungicide (0 vs. 140 g a.i. ha⁻¹) and row spacing (10 vs. 20 cm) on the yield components, yield and other agronomic traits (spike emergence, days to maturity, leaf disease and plant height) of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger. A cultivar by row spacing interaction resulted in a 11 to 13.5 % increase in grain yield due to narrow rows for Laurier in two out of the three years and up to 16 % for Leger in one year. Over the three years grain yields were on average increased 6 to 12 % due to use of the narrower row spacing. Fungicide application to barley at the early heading stage effectively controlled leaf diseases without influence on yield components or grain yield. Our results indicate that some components of intensive management such as narrow row spacing can be applicable in regions with a short crop-growing season.     

富贵竹室内加工技术研究

 设杀菌剂瑞毒霉锰锌、营养液爱多收和促根剂吲哚丁酸不同浓度9个处理组合, 研究其对富贵竹去叶植株修口、顶侧芽生长及生根的影响。结果表明, 瑞毒霉锰锌3水平间修口效果、爱多收3水平间顶侧芽生长、吲哚丁酸3水平间根系生长的差异均极显著; 最佳处理组合, 小竹为0. 8 g/L^-1瑞毒霉锰锌+ 0. 15 mL/L^-1爱多收+ 30 mg/L^-1吲哚丁酸, 大竹为0. 8 g/L^-1瑞毒霉锰锌+ 0. 30 mL/L^-1爱多收+ 30 mg/L^-1吲哚丁酸。     

Neurospora crassa对三唑醇的抗药性分子机制研究

 通过紫外光诱变获得Neurospora crassa对三唑醇杀菌剂抗性突变体"Nc70"。用2.5μg/ml三唑醇处理,突变体内甲基甾醇与脱甲基甾醇比例变化幅度远远小于亲本敏感菌株"STA"。突变体对三唑醇的吸收能力与敏感菌株相似,但药剂在体细胞内积累较少。三唑醇处理N.crassa 2 h后,药剂在菌体内的含量趋向稳定,突变体内的药量较敏感菌体低56.1%,而麦角甾醇合成量则高于敏感菌株53.7%。     

Chemical management of Fusarium wilt of watermelon

Watermelon yield loss due to Fusarium wilt is increasing in the U.S., due in part to the emergence of the virulent race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and to the shift in production to triploid cultivars, which generally have less host resistance than previously grown diploid cultivars. One potential management strategy is the use of soil-applied fungicides to reduce Fusarium wilt. The U.S. national program, interregional project 4 (IR-4) supported multistate trials of soil-applied chemicals to manage Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Greenhouse trials were conducted in Maryland, Indiana and Georgia to test the efficacy of 14 chemicals on Fusarium wilt. Based on the performance of these chemicals in the greenhouse, six in Maryland and Delaware and eight in Indiana were selected for subsequent field evaluations. These chemicals were applied once, as a drench at planting, in field trials in Maryland, Indiana, and Delaware in 2008. The fungicides prothioconazole, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest reduction in Fusarium wilt, and caused no phytotoxicity. In Maryland and Indiana in 2009, these chemicals were applied through the drip irrigation line alone and in combination, at 0, 2 and 4 weeks after planting. The experiment was repeated in 2010 in Maryland. Prothioconazole alone and in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl or/and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest decrease in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of Fusarium wilt of watermelon in Maryland in 2009. The same trend was observed in 2010 in Maryland where three of the prothioconazole treatments ranked the lowest of all treatments and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl had significantly lower Fusarium wilt AUDPC compared to the non-treated control. All chemical applications except for acibenzolar-S-methyl in combination with prothioconazole reduced Fusarium wilt AUDPC in Indiana in 2009. Prothioconazole alone and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl ranked lowest in Fusarium wilt AUDPC, although not significantly lower than most other treatments. These studies are the first to demonstrate that the soil-applied fungicides prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl may provide an additional field management option for Fusarium wilt of watermelon.     

Economics of foliar fungicides for hard red winter wheat in the USA southern Great Plains

Grain yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the southern Great Plains are often reduced by the presence of foliar diseases. This study was conducted to determine whether the application of foliar fungicides is an economically optimal management strategy. The effects of fungicide treatment on commercially available hard red winter wheat varieties with differing levels of genetic resistance (i.e., resistant, intermediate, and susceptible) to foliar diseases were investigated at two locations, Apache and Lahoma, OK, USA, for the harvest years 2005–2012. Two fungicides were rotated between the two locations and applied at approximately Feekes growth stage 9–10.5. When averaged across years, plots to which fungicide was applied generated greater average net returns than plots that did not receive fungicide for susceptible varieties at Apache, and for resistant, intermediate, and susceptible varieties at Lahoma. However, foliar fungicide application was not economical in every year at either location suggesting fungicide use should be reassessed each year given that profitability depends on year specific yield potential, prices, and foliar disease conditions. At both locations high disease incidence occurred in all but one site-year when the average March through May relative humidity exceeded 65%. Additional research would be required to determine the relationship between weather, including relative humidity, and disease incidence, and to develop an economic threshold for treatment decision aid.     

防治马铃薯枯萎病药效试验

通过用30%病虫净3号、64%杀毒矾、25%甲霜灵、50%乙膦铝锰锌、72%杜邦克露和50%代森锰锌6种药剂对马铃薯枯萎病进行防效试验.试验结果表明,30%病虫净3号对马铃薯枯萎病的防效优于其他常规药剂,药后15 d防效达71.95%,其次是72%杜邦克露和25%甲霜灵,防效分别达71.22%和61.59%,防效最差的是64%杀毒矾,仅为47.18%.     

6种杀菌剂对西瓜炭疽病的防效试验

采用6种杀菌剂对西瓜炭疽病进行田间药效试验。3次药后试验结果表明:50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油效果最好,防效在73%以上;10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和25%溴菌腈可湿性粉剂防效次之,防效在67%以上;50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防效较差,防效为50%左右。药剂处理后,50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和对照,中心可溶性固形物含量分别为11.8%、12.0%、9.8%;两种药剂比对照分别增产30.96%、28.26%,增产效果显著。因此,推荐50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油为目前防治西瓜炭疽病的理想药剂。     

Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool, wet climate of central Norway

Tillage trials were established on a poorly drained silty loam overlying silty clay loam and on a freely drained sandy loam overlying medium sand, in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Autumn and spring ploughing and two ploughless systems were compared for 12–13 years, with three replications at each site. The ploughless treatments comprised deep versus shallow spring harrowing until 1999, and thereafter autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. In 6 years, treatments with and without fungal spraying of the cereal crops were included. In other years, fungicides were not used. Perennial weeds were controlled by herbicides as necessary, on nine occasions up until 2001. Average spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) yields were similar with spring ploughing as with autumn ploughing at both sites. In treatments without ploughing, average yields on the silty loam over clay were 93% of those obtained with ploughing, and on the sandy loam over sand they were 81%. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found between spring harrowing versus deep spring harrowing, and between autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. Fungal spraying increased yields markedly at both sites (25%), but there was no significant interaction between this treatment and tillage system. Oat was compared with barley in 2 years, with oat performing better under ploughless tillage. At both sites increases in penetrometer resistance occurred in the topsoil of unploughed treatments. These were considered particularly limiting on the sandy loam. On the silty loam there was an increase in surface horizon porosity in the absence of ploughing, which was associated with an increase in topsoil organic matter content. On this soil there was also a tendency toward lower penetrometer resistance at >30 cm depth on autumn plus spring harrowed soil than on ploughed soil, indicating that the plough pan may have diminished. This was supported by observations of greater earthworm activity on unploughed soil. Soil chemical analyses revealed that mineral N and plant-available P and K accumulated in the upper horizon under ploughless tillage. The percentage yields obtained in individual years with autumn as opposed to spring ploughing, were positively correlated with air temperature during 0–4 weeks after planting on the silty loam, and with precipitation during 0–12 weeks after planting on the sandy loam. In the case of yields obtained with spring harrowing only, relative to spring ploughing, positive correlations were found with 0–4 week temperature on both soil types, suggesting that low early season temperatures may limit yields under ploughless tillage.     

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病药剂防治持效期的研究

通过田间先施药后接种的方法,测定了4种杀菌剂对玉米弯孢菌叶斑病菌防治持效期的研究。结果表明:代森锰锌的持效期较长,可达10 d以上,施药后15 d,保护作用效果仍在48%以上;甲基托布津、百可得和百菌清3种药剂的持效期较短,可维持7 d。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦真菌毒素污染防控及农药残留风险评估分析

为了解不同杀菌剂及施药次数对小麦赤霉病所造成的真菌毒素防控效果及所用杀菌剂带来的潜在安全问题,对信阳、襄阳两地区小麦主栽品种连续两年分别喷施不同种类、不同次数的杀菌剂,通过LC-MS/MS测定小麦中真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及各杀菌剂残留量,分析不同杀菌剂对小麦中DON累积量的影响,并对小麦籽粒中杀菌剂的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,4种杀菌剂(50%多菌灵WP、25%氰烯菌酯SC、25%咪鲜胺EC、70%甲基托布津WP)均能不同程度降低小麦中DON含量。随着施药次数的增加小麦中DON含量呈下降趋势(除多菌灵外)。喷施50%多菌灵1次小麦籽粒中DON含量明显增加,较对照增加7%(信阳)、18%(襄阳),当喷施次数增加至2、3、4次,籽粒中DON累积量分别降至对照的55%～65%、24%～39%及20%～27%。25%咪鲜胺EC喷施3次后籽粒中DON含量较对照显著降低(P0.05),继续增加喷施次数,DON含量并未显著降低。25%氰烯菌酯SC对DON防控效果最佳,喷施1、2、3、4次小麦籽粒中DON毒素降至对照的42%～58%、29%～49%、12%～21%及6%～10%。喷施70%甲基托布津WP对籽粒中DON的影响与25%氰烯菌酯SC效果相差不大,喷施4次可使DON降至6%～12%。4种杀菌剂在小麦籽粒中的残留量均随施药次数的增加而增加。其中多菌灵的残留量最大,当施药4次后,信阳、襄阳两地小麦中多菌灵残留量分别为502.54μg·kg~(-1)、547.38μg·kg~(-1),均超过国家粮食安全限量水平,而其余三种农药残留量较低,均在安全限量范围内。研究结果还发现,小麦籽粒中的杀菌剂残留量与毒素DON的累积水平呈现一定程度的负相关性,施药次数与其残留量成正相关关系。因而,长江流域及江淮地区等小麦赤霉病易流行地区,建议于小麦扬花期及时喷施2～3次防控效果良好的杀菌剂,既能达到防控真菌毒素污染又可避免杀菌剂残留过高带来的安全隐患,以保证小麦安全生产。