胶园套种山毛豆和柱花草技术推广

叙述橡胶园套种山毛豆和柱花草技术在实际生产中高产栽培的措施，论述了该技术推广对于提高土壤肥力、胶苗保苗率、抗寒性和效益等方面的作用。探讨套种发展中存在的问题及对策，进而为橡胶园绿肥作物的利用提供必要的参考。     

Phenylpyrazoles impact on Folsomia candida (Collembola)

Effects of the broad-spectrum insecticide fipronil were investigated on a non-target insect living in the soil, the springtail Folsomia candida Willem. Fipronil induced a significant reduction in juvenile production (PNEC = 250 μg kg⁻¹ dry soil), which seemed to be linked with an impact on the first stages of springtail development: juveniles and 7-day-old adults. These young organisms have a thinner integument, a smaller mass body and a weaker detoxification efficiency and were more sensitive than adults (14 days old) to fipronil and phenylpyrazole derivatives. Contact toxicity for juveniles was measured (LC₅₀(96 h)) giving the following values: fipronil, 450 μg l⁻¹; sulfone-fipronil, 430 μg l⁻¹; sulfide-fipronil, 160 μg l⁻¹. F. candida organisms were able to avoid contaminated food because phenylpyrazoles decreased food appetency. However, F. candida could bioaccumulate fipronil through trans-tegumental penetration (BAF_96 h = 160) and its high biotransformation rate inside springtail bodies (1 ng fipronil metabolized day⁻¹ individual⁻¹) was suspected to increase this process. Under natural conditions, phenylpyrazoles risk assessment on springtails seems to be weak due to their capacity of avoiding high contaminated zones and their biochemical tolerance to this class of insecticides.     

山毛豆草粉颗粒料对肉兔的饲用价值评定

为探讨山毛豆(Tephrosia candida)草粉对肉兔的饲用价值,将60只新西兰青年肉兔分为5组,分别添加0％(对照),10％,20％,30％和40％的山毛豆草粉制成全价颗粒饲料,饲喂90 d后测定各组饲料的营养成分及肉兔采食量、日增重、料重比和屠宰性能.结果表明:山毛豆营养生长期粗蛋白含量为17.77％,肉兔对山毛豆中粗蛋白的消化率为78.09％,山毛豆的可消化总养分为56.18％.与对照组相比,添加20％草粉日增重达到20.80 g·d-1(P＜0.01);料重比为4.45∶ 1(P＜0.05)；屠宰率为57.78％(P＜0.01)；单位kg增重平均最低饲料成本差异显著(P＜0.05).因此,添加20％山毛豆草粉制成全价颗粒饲料可显著提高肉兔的生产性能和养殖效益.     

苏云金杆菌防治棘禾草螟和芦毒蛾的研究

应用苏云金杆菌制剂防治棘禾草螟和芦毒蛾都有较好的效果。为了兼治这两种害虫,可在棘禾草螟第一代卵孵化盛期及盛孵末期分别防治一次。每亩喷Bt乳剂200克或150克加敌敌畏50克。     

低温脂肪酶产生菌的筛选及发酵条件研究

通过使用RodamineB平板筛选法,从新疆具有典型低温环境地区的近200份土样中筛选分离到11株产低温脂肪酶的菌株。其中1株酶活较高的菌株L22,根据形态观察初步断定为假丝酵母,该酶的最适反应温度为30℃,属低温脂肪酶。摇瓶发酵确定该菌株产脂肪酶的最适发酵培养条件为:葡萄糖0.5%,豆饼粉2%,玉米浆2%,KB2BHPOB4B0.5%,NaNOB3B0.5%,橄榄油0.25%,初始pH值为7,发酵温度为20℃,摇床培养48h,酶活最高可达7.17U/mL,添加适量的油脂对产脂肪酶有诱导作用。     

Molecular mapping of a locus controlling resistance to Albugo candida in Indian mustard

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss is widely grown as an oilseed crop in the Indian subcontinent. White rust disease caused by Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze is a serious disease of this crop causing considerable yield loss every year. The present study was undertaken to identify molecular markers for the locus controlling white rust resistance in a mustard accession, BEC‐144, using a set of 94 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The screening of individual RILs using an isolate highly virulent on the popular Indian cultivar ‘Varuna’ revealed the presence of a major locus for rust resistance in BEC‐144. Based on screening of 186 decamer primers employing bulked segregant analysis (BSA), 11 random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were identified, which distinguished the parental lines and the bulks. Five of these markers showed linkage with the rust resistance locus. Two markers, OPN0_l000 and OPB06₁₀₀₀, were linked in coupling and repulsion phases at 9.9 cM and 5.5 cM, respectively, on either side of the locus. The presence of only two double recombinants in a population of 94 RILs suggested that the simultaneous use of both markers would ensure efficient transfer of the target gene in mustard breeding programmes.     

Marking springtails (Folsomia candida) with rubidium

Marking springtails is a basic tool to evaluate their fundamental ecological phenomena. Rb marking is based on the fact that enriched rubidium in an organism can be tracked trough the experiment. Our goal was to improve the rubidium-marking technique in Folsomia candida (Willem) for both microcosm and field experiments. We investigated four methodological problems of this technique, in particular, we determined the required Rb concentration in the diet to reach marking level, measured the period when labeling could be detected under two different feeding conditions, and we estimated the effects of Rb on springtails' growth. Because marked and unmarked animals are always mixed in the course of recapture we also measured the levels of contamination between labeled springtails and those in the control groups. For introducing rubidium, we fed animals with Rb-treated Baker's yeast. Rubidium-chloride labeling persisted in springtails for 27 days during which the Rb-levels in marked animals remained distinguishable from those in unmarked ones. Rb-elimination rate depended highly on the feeding conditions, with Rb-elimination being faster when food was in excess. The fitted exponential model to Rb-elimination suggested that Rb-labeling may be used for 46 and 103 days for experiments with and without food respectively. We found no effect on Collembola growth at low Rb-levels (1.2 μg Rb/g dry yeast) but at higher concentration growth was reduced. We found that contamination occurred when springtails were stored together in glycerin, however the unmarked sample with the highest Rb content was still just 4.8% of the lowest marked sample. These results provide a basis for mark-release-recapture and other studies using Rb marking on springtails.     

屋顶花园栽培基质中添加海泡石的效果研究初报

在屋顶花园条件下,以葱兰和佛甲草为实验材料,对它们的栽培基质中添加海泡石,通过与未加海泡石的实验作对照,发现,将适量海泡石加入屋顶花园的栽培基中,可明显改良植物的根际环境,提高土壤肥力,提高基质保水供水的能力,使植物生长旺盛,提高抗病能力。但大雨时,加入海泡石的基质,水分下渗慢,基质表层留水量及流水量增大,易冲走混合基质中的轻型材料部分,在坡面屋顶使用时,不宜加入过多。     

Symbiosis with bacteria enhances the use of chitin by the springtail,Folsomia candida (Collembola)

Summary The relationship between Folsomia candida and chitin-degrading microorganisms was studied. On chitin agar, 10¹⁰ bacteria were isolated per g faeces, and 3.8×10¹¹ bacteria per g gut contents, 1/3 of them showing a clear (chitin-free) zone around the colony. The most abundant chitin-degrading bacteria were Xanthomonas maltophilia and Curtobacterium sp. To determine the bacterial contribution in the use of chitin by F. candida, a feeding experiment was carried out. F. candida were fed with chitin, either amended with or without tetracycline as an inhibitor of bacteria. When tetracycline was omitted the biomass of F. candida was increased compared to those fed chitin with tetracycline. However, this result was observed only when the food replacement intervals were long enough to allow bacterial colonization before ingestion of the food. In a food-selection experiment, a preference for chitin colonized with microorganisms as opposed to sterile chitin was found. The results indicate that a mutualistic symbiosis of F. candida with chitinolytic microorganisms is likely to enhance chitin degradation. This relationship is not only intra-intestinal but also involves an extra-intestinal phase.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt