Parasitoid community of the loreyi leaf wormMythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi: Novel host-parasitoid associations and their efficiency in the eastern mediterranean region of Turkey

The loreyi leaf worm,Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a pest of gramineous crops and causes significant economic damage to maize. In field surveys on maize to determine the parasitoid community and its impact on the pest in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, nine parasitoid species were found associated with immature stages ofM. loreyi: The hymenopteran (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) parasitoidsCotesia (=Apanteles) ruficrus (Haliday),Chelonus oculator Panzer,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg),Sinophorus sp.; and the dipteran (Tachinidae) parasitoidsPseudogonia rufifrons Wiedeman,Exorista rossica Mesnil,Gonia picea (Robineau-Desvoidy) andLinnaemya vulpina (Fallen) — the last three recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofM. loreyi in Turkey.C. ruficrus was the dominant parasitoid species, being recovered from 38.5% of the larvae collected and was also the most prevalent species, existing in 91.0% of the fields in whichM. loreyi was found. Total parasitism levels achieved by braconid species was 41.4%, by ichneumonid parasitoids 4.8%, and by tachinid parasitoids 1.9%. In a separate field experiment, seasonal population fluctuations and natural efficiency ofC. ruficrus onM. loreyi were found to be 35.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Population levels ofC. ruficrus were closely related to fluctuations in the population ofM. loreyi, with parasitism ranging between 0 and 77.3% during the study. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

伞裙追寄蝇滞育诱导的温光周期条件和低温贮藏

伞裙追寄蝇是草地螟的优势寄生天敌,是对草地螟进行防控的有效手段之一。为了提高天敌防控效果,本试验在室内条件下通过温度和光周期的设定,研究了伞裙追寄蝇的外源滞育诱导条件和低温储藏。结果表明,17℃下光照时间小于12 h,伞裙追寄蝇滞育率为100%,随着温度的升高,滞育率逐渐下降,29℃时,伞裙追寄蝇不发生滞育;不同温度（4～25℃）储藏后伞裙追寄蝇羽化性比为1.38～1.63（P>0.05）;16℃时伞裙追寄蝇滞育诱导临界光周期为12.53 h,18℃时临界光周期为11.12 h;越冬虫茧低温储藏后羽化率随着储藏时间的延长而下降。结果说明,温度对伞裙追寄蝇滞育起主导作用,在伞裙追寄蝇幼虫期施以低温处理,可以有效的诱导滞育,4℃低温贮藏最佳时间为50 d。     

不同营养源对伞裙追寄蝇的寿命及生活力的影响

本文研究了取食不同浓度的蜂蜜、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和清水对照对伞裙追寄蝇寿命、日均存活率、产卵量、产卵期、逐日产卵量,以及子代发育历期、寿命、寄生率、羽化量、雌蝇率等指标的影响。结果表明,10%的蜂蜜水处理的伞裙追寄蝇,雌蝇平均寿命为33.13 d,雄蝇平均寿命为21.71 d,与清水对照存在显著性差异。喂食10%蜂蜜水的雌蝇存活天数最长为51 d。补充10%蜂蜜水的伞裙追寄蝇产卵量和日均产卵量与其他处理差异显著（P<0.05）,分别为70.20和13.77粒/d。10%蜂蜜水喂食的成虫其子代羽化出的雌蝇平均寿命最长,为35.41 d。不同营养源对伞裙追寄蝇子代蛹重、寄生率、雌蝇率的影响差异不显著。     

家蚕追寄蝇线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因及其侧翼tRNA基因的克隆与序列结构和进化分析

家蚕追寄蝇(Exorista sorbillans)为双翅目、寄蝇科、追寄蝇属昆虫,寄生家蚕后引起多化性蚕蛆病。研究家蚕追寄蝇的系统进化关系,有助于探讨其寄生机制。采用PCR技术扩增了家蚕追寄蝇的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)片段,序列分析结果表明:克隆的mtDNA片段大小约1.5 kb,包括完整细胞色素b基因(cyto b)及其侧翼tRNA-Leu基因序列,序列结构与其它21个昆虫物种的同源片段序列结构基本一致,说明线粒体DNA基因排列和基因结构的保守性;家蚕追寄蝇mtDNA的Cyto b蛋白和tRNA-Leu基因的二级结构符合功能大分子的空间结构特征,维持一定的保守进化;双翅目昆虫不同蝇类mtDNA中的cyto b基因、tRNA-Leu基因序列的同源性高,可保证构建蝇类系统发生树的准确性。基于包括家蚕追寄蝇在内的12个双翅目昆虫、5个鳞翅目昆虫、4个鞘翅目昆虫、1个直翅目昆虫的mtDNA cyto b基因编码氨基酸序列的进化分析表明:双翅目中蝇类的进化次序依次为狂蝇科、果蝇科、寄蝇科、蝇科、丽蝇科,寄蝇科与蝇科和果蝇科之间的进化距离较近;鳞翅目处于种系发生树分叉的起点,起源最早,双翅目处于种系发生树分叉的最末端,起源最晚。     

Note: Tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi</Emphasis> in the southeast Anatolian region of Turkey

The loreyi leaf worm,Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a serious pest of gramineous crops and reduces yields in maize plantations. This study was undertaken to determine the tachinid parasitoid complex ofM. loreyi in the southeast Anatolian region of Turkey. Four tachinid species were found:Pseudogonia rufifrons (Wiedemann),Exorista larvarum (Linnaeus),Drino imberbis (Wiedemann) andLinnaemya neavei Curran were reared from field-collectedM. loreyi larvae. Of the four tachinid speciesM. loreyi is a new host record forE. larvarum andD. imberbis. L. neavei was recorded for the first time in Turkey and was the most frequently encountered parasitoid in this study. Total parasitism level was 7.1% in 2003 and 15.5% in 2004. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 16, 2007.     

日本追寄蝇的发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

日本追寄蝇（Exorista japonica Townsend）是美国白蛾（Hyphantria cunea Drury）等多种鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）食叶害虫蛹期的重要寄生性天敌,本文对该蝇的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了观察,结果表明在18℃-30℃范围内,日本追寄蝇发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为10.12℃、8.86℃、7.81℃、9.88℃,有效积温分别为59.89日·度、100.2日·度、189.47日·度、20.43日·度;全世代的发育起点温度为8.15℃,有效积温为383.25日·度。     

Tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera exigua</Emphasis> in cotton fields in Diyarbakır,Turkey

Tachinid parasitoidsExorista xanthaspis (Wiedemann),Nemorilla maculosa (Meigen),Palesisa maculosa (Villeneuve) andDrino imberbis (Wiedemann) were obtained fromSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Noctuidae) larvae collected from cotton fields in Turkey.S. exigua is a new host record forN. maculosa, andP. maculosa is recorded from Turkey for the first time. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

家蚕对“灭蚕蝇”的抵抗力试验

本文通过健康蚕、被家蚕追寄蝇寄生的家蚕(简称蝇蛆蚕)对"灭蚕蝇"的抵抗力试验发现:(1)"灭蚕蝇"对健康蚕、蝇蛆蚕都有一定的影响,但随着浓度增高,影响增大。(2)"灭蚕蝇"同样浓度施用后,健康蚕的抵抗力要强于蝇蛆蚕,其中50倍"灭蚕蝇"施用后,健康蚕死亡率只有10%～15%,蝇蛆蚕死亡率却高达35%以上。(3)"灭蚕蝇"添食,对家蚕的影响要大于体喷方法。虽然家蚕对"灭蚕蝇"产生了一定的抗药性,但在养蚕生产中,"灭蚕蝇"的施用浓度依然不能过高,以免造成家蚕死亡。     

伞裙追寄蝇能源物质积累及其飞行动态能耗

为了解天敌昆虫伞裙追寄蝇（Exorista civilis Rondani.）的飞行规律,本文采用吊飞试验及相关生理生化方法,研究了不同日龄伞裙追寄蝇体内甘油酯、糖原的积累状况及5日龄不同飞行时间其体内能源物质的变化情况。结果表明：5日龄雌蝇体内糖原、甘油酯含量均到达高峰,分别为114.3517和0.7537 mmol·L^-1;雄蝇则在7日龄糖原、甘油酯含量达到最高,分别为111.6680和0.7214 mmol·L^-1。5日龄伞裙追寄蝇飞行60 min后体内糖原含量显著下降;在飞行120 min后甘油酯含量下降明显。飞行60 min后体内糖原含量显著下降,说明伞裙追寄蝇体内糖原含量能维持60 min的飞行,120~240 min后糖原含量达到最低,此时甘油酯含量也有明显降低的趋势,说明120 min后糖原迅速耗尽,此后飞行所需的能量由甘油酯提供。     

伞裙追寄蝇对黏虫幼虫的寄生功能反应

室内条件下研究了伞裙追寄蝇(Exorista civilis Rondani)对黏虫[Mythimna separata(Walker)]幼虫的寄生功能反应。结果表明,伞裙追寄蝇功能反应曲线在15~35℃内为HollingⅡ型,随着寄主黏虫数量的增加,伞裙追寄蝇寄生量呈上升趋势,当寄主数量增加到一定数量时,其寄生量趋于稳定。23℃时拟合方程为Na=0.803 3 N/(1+0.803 3×0.015 4 N),1头伞裙追寄蝇雌蝇寄生1头黏虫幼虫所需时间为0.803 3h。伞裙追寄蝇的自身密度对寄生有干扰作用,可用Hassell-Varley模型E=0.553 3 P-1.565 5表示,由此公式可以得出,伞裙追寄蝇的发现域与其自身密度成反比增加,寄生蝇相互之间的干扰效应降低了寄生效能。