十种农药防治光肩星天牛的药效分析

十种农药防治光肩星天牛的药效分析＊梁成杰李国宏李广武高瑞桐关键词光肩星天牛快杀敌功夫灭扫利来福灵久效磷农药防治药效分析光肩星天牛（ＡｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａｇｌａｂｒｉｐｅｎｎｉｓＭｏｔｓｃｈ．）是一种危害多种杨树（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）的严重蛀干害虫...     

Application strategies for an anthraquinone-based repellent to protect oilseed sunflower crops from pest blackbirds

Non-lethal alternatives are needed to manage the damage caused by wild birds to oilseed sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus Linnaeus). We evaluated field residues and experimental applications of an anthraquinone-based repellent (active ingredient 50% 9,10-anthraquinone) to minimize red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus) depredation of oilseed sunflower. Chemical residues from experimental applications of the anthraquinone-based repellent (4.7 l/ha and 9.4 l/ha; low, high) in a ripening oilseed sunflower field were 481 ppm and 978 ppm anthraquinone at the beginning of blackbird damage, and 385 ppm and 952 ppm anthraquinone at the end of blackbird damage, respectively. Prior to harvest, we observed 402 ppm and 462 ppm anthraquinone in the oil, and 27 ppm and 165 ppm anthraquinone in the pomace from crushed sunflower achenes previously sprayed with the low and high applications, respectively. For the purpose of developing application strategies useful for avian repellents, we subsequently investigated blackbird feeding response to oilseed sunflower treated with the anthraquinone-based repellent and either a registered insecticide or a registered fungicide popularly used for ripening sunflower. We observed a positive concentration–response relationship among blackbirds exposed to anthraquinone and the insecticide (a.i. 8.4% esfenvalerate), or anthraquinone and the fungicide (a.i. 23.6% pyraclostrobin). Blackbirds reliably discriminated between untreated sunflower and that treated with 1810 ppm anthraquinone and 0.1% of the insecticide or 1700 ppm anthraquinone and 0.14% of the fungicide during our preference experiments. Given that ripening achenes are inverted from conventional pesticide applications throughout much of the period associated with blackbird depredation, we also evaluated blackbird repellency of the anthraquinone-based repellent applied to involucral bracts (i.e., the back of sunflower heads) of oilseed sunflower. Blackbirds did not discriminate between untreated involucral bracts and those treated with foliar applications comparable to 4.7 l/ha or 9.4 l/ha; blackbirds consumed more achenes from untreated sunflower heads than from those treated with 18.7 l/ha of the anthraquinone-based repellent. Supplemental repellent efficacy studies should investigate blackbird response to anthraquinone-based repellents (e.g., ≥4.7 l/ha) within 10–100 ha sunflower fields and include independent field replicates with predicted bird damage, repellent application strategies developed for protection of ripening crops, pre- and at-harvest repellent residues, and bird damage and crop yield measurements.     

三种药剂对大豆蚜防控效果试验

为了减轻大豆蚜对三江平原地区大豆生产造成的危害,选取了3种杀虫剂对大豆蚜防控效果进行了研究。结果表明:3种杀虫剂都具有防蚜和增产效果,其中5%的高效氯氟氰菊酯对大豆蚜的防效及增产效果最好,防效达到92.67%,并与其它处理达到显著水平;增产效果达到22.34%,与其它处理达到极显著水平。     

Environmental impact of the locust control agents fenitrothion, fenitrothion–esfenvalerate and triflumuron on terrestrial arthropods in Madagascar

The field toxicity of three chemical locust control agents to terrestrial non-target arthropods was investigated in small- and large-scale field trails in the recession area of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria capito (Sauss.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), in Southwestern Madagascar. The insecticides were applied as full cover sprays on 16 ha (1994) and 400 ha (1995) plots, respectively. The relative abundance of more than 40 arthropod taxa (combined 1994 and 1995 trials) was monitored during 4 weeks before and at least 12 weeks after treatment. The organophosphate fenitrothion (F, 1994) caused significant medium to long-term population declines of >75% in several epigeal non-target insect taxa (springtails, ants, Zophosis madagascariensis Deyrolle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)) and was classified as a high risk product. Non-target grasshoppers were reduced by about 50–60%. Springtail relative abundance returned to pre-spray levels in the following season. Significant effects of the organophosphate–pyrethroid combination fenitrothion–esfenvalerate (FE, 1995) were usually <75% (medium risk). However, springtails responded as sensitive to this product as to fenitrothion, and there were no indications of recovery over the 12 week post-treatment observation period. The insect growth regulator (IGR) triflumuron (TFM, 1994 and 1995) posed a low risk to ground-dwelling insects except for orthopterans (crickets and grasshoppers) and caterpillars which were significantly reduced for several weeks (moderate risk). Vegetation dwelling and flying insects were moderately affected by FE. Non-target butterfly densities increased towards the end of the trial which appeared to be related to a significant reduction in hymenopteran predators and parasitoids. TFM had a marked effect on butterflies (>60%), but was harmless to the other insects. Spiders responded less sensitively to pesticide stress than insects, but orb web spiders were significantly reduced by fenitrothion-esfenvalerate. The breakdown of organic matter was not affected by any of the insecticides. The results suggest the following relative field toxicity ranking: TFM相似文献   

Effects of dormant insecticide treatments on the San Jose scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its parasitoids Encarsia perniciosi and Aphytis spp . ( Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae )

Populations of the San Jose scale (SJS), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), and its parasitoids, Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) and Aphytis spp. were monitored with double-sided sticky tape and pheromone traps in an almond orchard. A total of 1.21 ha plots within the orchard were treated during winter dormancy with several insecticides, including horticultural mineral oil alone, oil combined with the organophosphate diazinon at different dilution rates, and oil combined with the pyrethroid esfenvalerate in a completely randomized block design. Higher volume diazinon applications (3750 and 1870 l ha -1 ) proved effective against SJS crawlers, as did esfenvalerate. The higher volume applications had greater deposition on Kromecoat ® cards placed in the top of the tree canopy, where SJS is most abundant. The lower-volume (935 l ha -1 ) application of diazinon provided control of first-generation crawlers similar to the other diazinon applications, but it was generally less effective in controlling subsequent generations. All insecticide treatments were associated with a reduction of parasitoid numbers, especially the esfenvalerate application.     

Comparison of insecticide resistance in a North American field population and a laboratory colony of potato tuberworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, has become a serious threat to potato production in the Columbia Basin region of Oregon and Washington and in 2005 was found in Idaho. Despite intensive insecticide application, severe defoliation has occurred in recent years indicating insensitivity of potato tuberworms (PTW) to insecticides. In this study, dose responses of potato tuberworms from a Columbia Basin field population (CBFP) and a laboratory colony from Colorado (COLC) to three commonly used field crop insecticides (esfenvalerate, methamidophos and fipronil) were tested. The COLC was included in this study as a standard susceptible colony but despite being reared in isolation for >30 years, it was resistant to field-labeled rates of all three insecticides used in this study. The CBFP was also resistant to esfenvalerate and fipronil at field rates but was relatively susceptible (40% mortality) to methamidophos. At 10× field rate of fipronil, COLC was very susceptible (>90% mortality) but CBFP was not significantly affected. CBFP was also more resistant to esfenvalerate than COLC. None of the COLC survived a 500× field rate of esfenvalerate; the same dose killed only 10% of the CBFP. Although further tests are required to more broadly assess the levels and types of insecticide resistance in these populations, our findings indicated that the laboratory colony was susceptible to fipronil at dosages somewhat greater than labeled field rates and that the field population was susceptible to methamidophos. Although COLC was moderately insensitive to esfenvalerate and methamidophos, this laboratory colony was still more broadly susceptible to field rates than the CBFP.     

Functional expression of Helicoverpa armigera CYP9A12 and CYP9A14 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Elevated oxidative detoxification is a major mechanism responsible for pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa armigera from Asia. Constitutive overexpression of CYP9A12 and CYP9A14 was associated with pyrethroid resistance in the YGF strain of H. armigera. CYP9A12 and CYP9A14 were functionally expressed in the W(R) strain of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) transformed with a plasmid shuttle vector pYES2. The cell lysates prepared from yeast transformed with CYP9A12 and CYP9A14, respectively, exhibited considerable O-demethylation activities against two model substrates p-nitroanisole (0.59 and 0.42 nmol p-nitrophenol min⁻¹ mg protein⁻¹) and methoxyresorufin (2.98 and 5.41 pmol resorufin min⁻¹ mg protein⁻¹), and clearance activity against the pyrethroid esfenvalerate (8.18 and 4.29 pmol esfenvalerate min⁻¹ mg protein⁻¹). These results provide important evidence on the role of CYP9A12 and CYP9A14 in conferring pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera, and also demonstrate that the yeast expression system can provide necessary redox environment for insect P450s to metabolize xenobiotics.