感染反刍动物的几种常见梭状芽孢杆菌

梭状芽孢杆菌属的成员在自然界中是一种非常独特的种类，当其进入到反刍动物体内时，常会引起肌肉和软组织感染、肠道疾病和神经中毒性疾病。梭状芽孢杆菌引起反刍动物发病的机理通常是间接地通过其产生的一种或多种毒素(毒蛋白质)来致病。本文从肌肉和软组织感染、肠道疾病以及神经中毒性感染三个方面探讨了引起感染的梭状芽孢杆菌。     

棉铃虫 JNKs 基因的克隆及表达分析

c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)是MAPK家族(mitogen-activated protein kinases, 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶)的重要成员, 具有参与昆虫抗逆反应等多种功能。为明确JNK在棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera 中的表达特性及其对Bt杀虫蛋白的应激与免疫反应, 本研究通过PCR克隆得到2个棉铃虫 JNK 基因 HaJNK1 和 HaJNK2; 生物信息学分析结果显示: HaJNK1和 HaJNK2基因开放阅读框分别为1 191、1 143 bp, 分别编码397、381个氨基酸。系统进化树分析结果表明棉铃虫 HaJNK1 与黏虫 Mythimna separata 聚为一支, 亲缘关系较近, HaJNK2与 家蚕 Bombyx mori 聚为一支, 同源性较高。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析 HaJNK1 与 HaJNK2 在棉铃虫不同发育时期、不同组织中的表达量, 发现 HaJNK1 与 HaJNK2 在卵中表达量最高, 其次是雌成虫; HaJNK1 在性腺中表达量最高, 其次是唾液腺; HaJNK2 在头部表达量最高, 其次是性腺。取食Cry1Ac的4龄棉铃虫幼虫的中肠组织中, HaJNK1 与 HaJNK2 的表达量均显著升高。推测 HaJNKs 基因可能参与棉铃虫抵御Bt杀虫蛋白伤害的应激和抗逆反应。     

转Bt基因作物毒素在土壤中降解特性的研究进展

总结了国内外转Bt基因作物在土壤中降解特性的研究结果,讨论了土壤有机、无机组分与毒素蛋白的关系,阐明了转基因毒素蛋白在土壤中的降解与影响因素,揭示了转Bt基因作物在土壤中降解的生态环境效应,并提出了今后应深入研究的问题和方向.     

生物炭对Bt Cry1Ac蛋白抗紫外能力影响

为了研究生物炭对紫外线的防护作用,以豆壳烧制的生物炭作为载体,研究生物炭对Bt Cry1Ac蛋白的吸附行为以及生物炭对Cry1Ac蛋白的紫外保护作用。使用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X-射线粉末衍射以及傅立叶红外光谱等手段对生物炭的形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明,生物炭是典型的多孔结构材料,表面具有丰富的官能团。Cry1Ac蛋白与生物炭吸附平衡时间为50 min,最合适的吸附浓度比（生物炭：蛋白）为1：100,二者吸附符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型。在UVB紫外照射4 h后,生物炭与Cry1Ac蛋白复合物对棉铃虫的生物活性是单纯蛋白的4.93倍,显示生物炭具有较好的紫外抵抗效果。研究结果初步表明,制备得到的生物炭能够显著提高Cry1Ac蛋白的抗紫外能力,为后续研发耐受紫外线的农药剂型提供新材料。     

A review of cyanobacterial odorous and bioactive metabolites: Impacts and management alternatives in aquaculture

Increased demand has pushed extensive aquaculture towards intensively operated production systems, commonly resulting in eutrophic conditions and cyanobacterial blooms. This review summarizes those cyanobacterial secondary metabolites that can cause undesirable tastes and odors (odorous metabolites) or are biochemically active (bioactive metabolites) in marine and freshwater, extensive and intensive aquaculture systems. For the scope of this paper, biochemically active metabolites include (1) toxins that can cause mortality in aquaculture organisms or have the potential to harm consumers via accumulation in the product (hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, dermatoxins, and brine shrimp/molluskal toxins), (2) metabolites that may degrade the nutritional status of aquaculture species (inhibitors of proteases and grazer deterrents) or (3) metabolites that have the potential to negatively affect the general health of aquaculture species or aquaculture laborers (dermatoxins, irritant toxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins). Suggestions are made as to future management practices in intensive and extensive aquaculture and the potential exposure pathways to aquaculture species and human consumers are identified.     

Dynamics of Bt cotton Cry1Ac protein content under an alternating high temperature regime and effects on nitrogen metabolism

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alternating high temperature on Cry1Ac protein content on Bt cotton cultivars Sikang 1(SK-1,a conventional cultivar)and Sikang 3(SK-3,a hybrid cultivar).In 2011 and 2012,cotton plants were subjected to high temperature treatments ranging from 32 to 40℃ in climate chambers to investigate the effects of high temperature on boll shell insecticidal protein expression.The experiments showed that significant decline of the boll shell insecticidal protein was detected at temperatures higher than 38℃ after 24 h.Based on the results,the cotton plants were treated with the threshold temperature of 38℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.followed by a normal temperature of 27℃ during the remaining night hours(DH/NN)in 2012 and 2013.These treatments were conducted at peak boll growth stage for both cultivars in study periods of 0,4,7,and 10 d.Temperature treatment of 32℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.and 27℃ in the remaining hours was set as control.The results showed that,compared with the control,after the DH/NN stress treatment applied for 7 d,the boll shell Cry1Ac protein content level was significantly decreased by 19.1 and 17.5% for SK-1 and by 15.3 and 13.7% for SK-3 in 2012 and 2013,respectively.Further analysis of nitrogen metabolic physiology under DH/NN showed that the soluble protein content and the glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT)activities decreased slightly after 4 d,and then decreased sharply after 7 d.The free amino acid content and the protease content increased sharply after 7 d.The changes in SK-1 were greater than those in SK-3.These results suggest that under DH/NN stress,boll shell Cry1Ac protein content decline was delayed.Reduced protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in the boll shell decreased protein content,including Bt protein,which may reduce resistance to the cotton bollworm.     

双低油菜籽粕营养成分及饲喂育成鸡研究

本文分析了双低油菜籽粕的营养及抗营养成分，并以不同的日粮比例对０～２０周龄蛋鸡进行饲养试验。结果表明，双低油菜籽粕与普通菜籽粕的粗蛋白、氨基酸含量相似，硫甙及其水解产物ＯＺＴ，ＩＴＣ等抗营养成分仅为１／１０左右。在日粮中添加１０％，１５％双低油菜籽粕，对蛋鸡生长发育、甲状腺及血清Ｔ３，Ｙ４，ＴＳＨ，ＴＧ，Ｔｍ水平，肝及血浆ＣＨＥ，ＡＫＰ，ＧＯＴ，ＧＰＴ的活性和肾脏等均无异常影响。日粮中添加２０％双低油菜籽粕，鸡生长明显受到抑制，甲状腺肿大，血清Ｔｃ上升，Ｔ３下降，肝出血明显，血浆中ＧＯＴ，ＧＰＴ明显升高。故认为，双低油菜籽粕是１种氨基酸组成较均衡、毒素含量较低的蛋白质饲料，在０～２０周龄蛋鸡日粮中加到１５％时均安全。     

转抗虫基因Cry1Iem大豆的分子鉴定与功能验证

通过转抗虫基因来提高作物的抗虫性是一条有效途径,以此来提高作物的产量和品质。本研究以转抗虫基因Cry1Iem大豆的T2、T3株系作为试验材料,利用常规PCR检测、Southern杂交、荧光定量PCR技术对转抗虫基因Cry1Iem株系进行分子鉴定;同时对40个转基因阳性株系进行室内人工接虫、200个转基因阳性株系室外网室接虫并进行抗虫性鉴定。选取其中10个株系进行常规PCR检测,结果在T2、T3当中都检测到了Cry1Iem、Bar、启动子CaMV35S、Nos目标片段,表明目的基因已被顺利导入受体JN28大豆植株当中并得到了稳定遗传;选取其中5个T2、T3转基因株系进行Southern杂交,结果显示:目的基因以单拷贝的形式整合到了大豆基因组当中;荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,Cry1Iem基因在选取的3个转基因株系中均得到了表达,而在非转化的受体JN28当中未检测到荧光信号。室内抗虫性鉴定结果显示40个转Cry1Iem基因株系豆荚内活虫的成活数量明显低于受体材料JN28大豆豆荚内的活虫数量,表明转基因材料具有显著的抗虫性。室外抗虫性鉴定结果表明:JN28大豆受体植株的虫食率为6.72%,属于感虫品种;而200个转Cry1Iem基因株系的平均虫食率为3.81%,属于抗虫品系。本研究结果为中国转基因抗虫大豆新品种的选育提供部分参考数据。