柑橘木虱黄龙病菌携带量与其内生菌群相关性

【目的】分析柑橘木虱（Diaphorina citri）体内可能与黄龙病菌（Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus）互作的内生细菌,为黄龙病菌的人工培养及其病害防控奠定基础。【方法】首先通过传统分离培养方法比较不同地理来源带黄龙病菌（带菌）和不带菌黄龙病菌（不带菌）的木虱中可培养内生细菌的差异。其次将带菌状况不同的木虱分别分为头、胸、腹3部分,经PCR扩增其16S rDNA的V6-V8区,用变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）方法,比较带菌状况不同的木虱内生细菌的差异和木虱不同部位内生细菌的差异。选择3种差异的内生细菌：Bacillus sp.、Salmonella sp.、Enterobacter sp.,在8份带菌状况不同的木虱样品中通过q-PCR分别对其进行实时荧光定量分析,再以总细菌量为校正计算包括黄龙病菌在内的4种细菌的相对含量,数据经LSD检验,以各种细菌相对含量的-lg值作图,先比较同一样品中3种细菌分别与黄龙病菌的相对含量关系,再比较同种细菌在不同样品中的特性,分析3种内生细菌和黄龙病菌的互作关系。【结果】不带菌木虱中可培养内生菌菌落丰富度和菌落形成单位均大于带菌木虱中。在不带菌木虱中共获得14株形态不同的菌株,分属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus,3株）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia,1株）、克雷伯氏杆菌属（Klebsiella,1株）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus,2株）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter,1株）、泛菌属（Pantoea,2株）、果胶杆菌属（Pectobacterium,1株）、沙门氏菌属等（Salmonella,1株）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces,1株）、Massilia brevitalea（1株）等10个细菌属。在带菌木虱中分得的4株细菌在不带菌木虱中均分离到,分属于克雷伯氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属、果胶杆菌属。其中Dc-11（嗜气芽孢杆菌属）在带菌木虱和不带菌木虱中分离频率均达到100%,表明其为木虱体内常驻细菌;对木虱不同部位（头、胸、腹）内生细菌16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE图谱显示,带菌与不带菌木虱中细菌种群差别明显,带菌状况相同的木虱不同部位之间差别不明显。其中优势条带10 （Wolbachia sp.）、12（Wolbachia pipientis）、13（Syncytium endosymbiont of Diaphorina citri）、14（Uncultured bacterium）、19（Serratia marcescens）、21和22（均为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）在木虱体内稳定存在,带菌木虱腹部特有优势内生细菌为Enterobacter sp.,木虱中同样也存在次级内生菌Wolbachia。q-PCR的结果验证了所选的3种细菌在前期传统分离培养和16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE中结果的可靠性,同时表明肠杆菌属在8份样品中与黄龙病菌呈正相关关系。【结论】黄龙病菌进入木虱体内会改变木虱内生细菌菌群种类和结构;嗜气芽孢杆菌（B. aerophilus）在柑橘木虱体内稳定存在,为木虱体内常驻菌群;Enterobacter sp.与黄龙病菌带菌量呈正相关,推测其可能与黄龙病菌互作。     

一种引起茄科作物病害的病原:Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum是Liefting等人于2009年鉴定并命名的一种能够引起茄科作物病害的新病原,该病菌可引起茄科作物植株矮化、畸形并造成巨大的经济损失。目前该病菌在我国尚无分布。本文从病原鉴定、寄主范围、地理分布、传播途径、危害情况及防控措施等几方面对该病菌进行了简要介绍,以期引起重视,并为防范其入侵提供参考。     

A yellows disease system with differing principal host plants for the obligatory pathogen and its vector

A stolbur‐type phytoplasma is the putative pathogen of grapevine yellows disease that causes economic damage to vineyards in most growing areas around the world. The pathogen is known to be transmitted to vines by two planthoppers, Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzer; the latter is found in Europe but has not yet been observed in Israel. The establishment of a vector–pathogen–plant relationship requires that the pathogen and the vector meet on a shared host plant. This does not happen in the ecosystem examined here, where two different principal host plants for the obligate pathogen and its vector exist: the pathogen is established on vines, while its vector, H. obsoletus, develops on Vitex agnus‐castus. The present study verified that: (i) the vector cannot complete its life cycle on vines; (ii) V. agnus‐castus does not grow in the immediate vicinity of vines, and does not harbour the pathogen; and (iii) the pathogen is not vertically transmitted from mother to offspring. Moreover, in a thorough search of plants in vine growing areas, no other plants were found that host both the vector and the pathogen. However, it was found that the planthopper can acquire the phytoplasma from infected vines. Nonetheless, this does not prove the ability of the planthopper to further transmit the pathogen to vines and does not explain the presence of the vector on the non‐preferred vines. Thus, the enigma of the pathogen–vector–host triangle in this system remains unresolved.     

High diversity,expanding populations and purifying selection in phytoplasmas causing coconut lethal yellowing in Mozambique

In this study, the putative phytoplasma species causing coconut lethal yellowing disease in Mozambique and Tanzania were characterized. The 16S rRNA and secA genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mozambican coconut phytoplasmas belong to three different types: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola’ 16SrXXII‐A, a second strain that was previously isolated in Tanzania and Kenya (16SrIV‐C), and a third strain that was different from all known lethal yellowing phytoplasma species. The third strain potentially represents a novel species and is closely related to pine phytoplasma. Co‐infection with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini’‐related and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola’ 16SrXXII‐A strains was observed. Furthermore, sequence variation in ‘Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola’ at the population level was consistent with purifying selection and population expansion.     

高质量提取柑橘样品中病原总核酸方法的建立

针对柑橘老熟组织中富含多糖、多酚、色素和其它次生代谢产物的特点,以柑橘老叶老皮为试材,在传统CTAB提取法的基础上通过添加增效剂并优化配方,建立了一种快速、简便的提取植物老熟组织及其内部病原总核酸的CTAB-Triton提取法。新的提取液对细胞的裂解能力更强,且解决了传统CTAB溶液因低温析出而致DNA得率损失的弊端。比较了该法和微量葡聚糖柱纯化法制备模板时韧皮部杆菌的检出率,并用该法制备模板,分析了韧皮部杆菌在柚子叶片中的分布情况,及对其它几种柑橘病原菌进行PCR/RT-PCR检测。结果表明,CTAB-Triton方法能有效提取柑橘老熟叶片的DNA,所得DNA质量高,产量比商品化试剂盒大,提高了韧皮部杆菌的检出率,且可用于柑橘其他病原真菌、细菌,以及DNA或RNA病毒病害的PCR/RT-PCR检测,也可用于定量PCR检测和病原种群多态性分析。     

Efficient elimination of sweetpotato little leaf phytoplasma from sweetpotato by cryotherapy of shoot tips

Shoot tips with 3–4 leaf primordia were excised from in vitro -grown sweetpotato plants ( Ipomoea batatas ) infected with little leaf phytoplasma ( Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia) and subjected to cryotherapy. All plants regenerated from the cryo-treated shoot tips were free of phytoplasma, whereas shoot tip culture or dehydration of shoot tips without subsequent cryotherapy resulted in phytoplasma-free plants at a frequency of only 7–10%. Histological and ultrastructural studies with light and transmission electron microscopy, respectively, indicated that cryotherapy was lethal to all cells except those in the apical dome of the meristem and the two youngest leaf primordia. These surviving parts of the shoot tip contained vascular tissue and sieve elements, but electron microscopy showed no phytoplasma in them. In contrast, an abundance of phytoplasma was found in sieve elements located at the lower, non-surviving parts of the shoot tip 1·0 or 1·5 mm from the apical dome. In the greenhouse, the plants in which phytoplasmas were not detected were healthy-looking, grew vigorously and were readily distinguished from the infected plants that exhibited little leaf and chlorosis symptoms, proliferation of axillary shoots and roots, stunting, and heavily reduced number and size of storage roots. In this study efficient elimination of phytoplasma and production of pathogen-tested plant stocks were achieved with the novel cryotherapy-based approach. The proposed advantage of the technique is that it can be simultaneously used for long-term storage of plant germplasm and for production of pathogen-free plants.     

Liberibacters associated with orange jasmine in Brazil: incidence in urban areas and relatedness to citrus liberibacters

Two surveys (2005/2006 and 2009) were conducted in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, to investigate the incidence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. L. americanus’, two liberibacters associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB) disease and both transmitted by Diaphorina citri, in orange jasmine (Murraya exotica), a widespread ornamental tree in cities and villages. The graft‐transmissibility of the two species, and their DNA relatedness to citrus‐associated liberibacters, were also investigated. Quantitative PCR was applied to PCR‐positive orange jasmine and HLB‐positive citrus growing in backyards and orchards to assess their inoculum source potentials. Liberibacters were detected in 91 of 786 sampled orange jasmine plants in 10 of 76 sampled locations. PCR‐positive trees exhibited yellow shoots and/or dieback symptoms indistinguishable from those on PCR‐negative trees. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ was more common in 2005/2006 (96·6%) and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in 2009 (84·8%). rplJ nucleotide sequences were identical within all populations of either species. Graft transmission succeeded only in homologous host combinations, including ‘Ca. L. americanus’ (2/10) from/to orange jasmine and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ (5/18) and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ (5/9) from/to citrus. Symptoms were mild and developed less rapidly in orange jasmine than in citrus, probably as a result of lower liberibacter multiplication rates. Respective titres of ‘Ca. L. americanus’ and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in orange jasmine averaged 4·3 and 3·0 log cells g^?1 tissue, compared with 5·5 and 7·3 in citrus. The results indicate that orange jasmine does not favour liberibacter multiplication as much as citrus. However, its importance in HLB epidemics should not be underestimated as it is a preferred host of D. citri and is not under any strict tree‐eradication programme or measures for insect control.     

Molecular tracing of the transmission routes of bois noir in Mediterranean vineyards of Montenegro and experimental evidence for the epidemiological role of Vitex agnus‐castus (Lamiaceae) and associated Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae)

Epidemiological aspects and transmission routes of bois noir (BN), a grapevine yellows disease induced by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, have been exhaustively studied in the affected vineyards of continental Europe but not in the Mediterranean coastal zone. Because ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ and its principal vector Hyalesthes obsoletus presumably originate from the Mediterranean, gaining knowledge of the epidemiological peculiarities of the disease in this area is essential for understanding its global spread and diversification, as well as for designing local management strategies. In this study, molecular epidemiology was applied to trace transmission pathways of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ in the Mediterranean vineyards of Montenegro, using multilocus sequence typing of tuf, vmp1 and stamp genes of the isolates associated with various hosts. Thus, ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ was tracked from a tentative reservoir plant (inoculum source) through an associated vector population to the infected grapevine. Three pathways of transmission were documented, originating from Urtica dioica, Convolvulus arvensis and Vitex agnus‐castus; however, only the route originating from U. dioica was direct, whereas the latter two were overlapping and could be intermixed. Vitex agnus‐castus is a natural source of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’, representing an important link in disease epidemiology in the Mediterranean and a possible origin of several genotypes occurring in central Europe. Experimental confirmation of the role of Vitex‐associated H. obsoletus in BN transmission in Montenegrin vineyards indicates its tentative role as a vector in the wide area of the Mediterranean, where some of the major wine‐producing regions are located.     

Prophage region and short tandem repeats of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” reveal significant population structure in China

Whole-genome sequencing of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (Las) indicated some polymorphic gene regions enabling the molecular characterization of this bacterium. Although the population diversity of Las in China has been previously studied, no reports have used a combination of a prophage region and short tandem repeat (STR) loci for phylogenetic relationship characterization. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and structure of 667 Las strains from nine provinces in southern China using multiple genetic loci including three type-specific prophage loci, two STR loci, and a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) region. The results indicated that the genetic diversity varied according to the gene loci used. The prophage regions, including the MITEs, revealed significant genetic differences of Las populations in Yunnan and Guizhou from other provinces, while the STR loci only indicated a difference of Las population in Guizhou from those of other provinces. In particular, the Las population shown to be diverse in Jiangxi at the CLIBASIA_01215_STR locus was not diverse when measured using the other loci. Considering all loci, the Las populations from Yunnan and Guizhou were different, those from Guangdong and Guangxi were complex, while the Las population in Jiangxi was comparatively simple. Las populations from five neighbouring provinces, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, and Jiangxi were grouped in a big cluster. The Las population structure changed with age according to the prophage type. This study evaluated the method used for studying the molecular diversity of Las populations and provided more detailed information on the geographical origin and epidemic trend of Chinese Las populations.