不同地下水位植物蒸腾耗水特性研究

在甘肃省民勤治沙站利用非称量测渗仪研究了梭梭、柠条等 10种沙区植物的蒸腾耗水特征。结果表明 ,各种植物 5a的总蒸腾量由大到小排列为 :沙枣、花棒、沙木蓼、柠条、梭梭、白皮沙拐枣 ;随植物年龄增长 ,蒸腾系数有上升的趋势 ,而蒸散系数有下降的趋势 ;在民勤沙区 6～ 9月是主要蒸腾季节 ,该时段的蒸腾量占全年蒸腾量的80 %～ 90 % ;植物的蒸腾量随年龄的增长而迅速增加 ,但增长幅度随物种不同而异。一般生长快的植物增长快 ,生长慢的植物增长慢。     

非均质物料链式组合称重定量算法优化与试验

非均质物料质量差异较大且不可分割,组合称重定量过程中组合对象不确定,存在组合称重定量精度与组合速度的矛盾。该研究针对链式组合称重定量系统,提出以定量精度及组合效率为目标,对组合样本数和抽样数进行优化分析,达到保证组合称重定量精度下,减少数据计算量以提高组合定量速度的目的。研究表明,在相同允许组合误差下,增大组合样本数可提高组合成功概率,但组合计算量随组合样本数增加而呈指数增加。通过对服从正态分布N(100,102)的质量数据进行10 000轮组合计算发现,当组合定量目标质量为500 g,允许组合误差为0.1 g时,组合计算时间较短的组合样本数为14。并对优化组合样本数和抽样数的组合算法进行了链式组合称重定量试验验证。试验结果表明,在物料质量标准差≤30 g,允许定量组合误差为0.1 g时,优化后的组合算法与优化前遍历组合算法在定量组合成功概率总体上保持在95%左右,且优化后的算法组合计算时间减少了40%。研究结果可为非均质物料链式组合称重定量系统的研制提供参考。     

单株油蒿蒸腾耗水特征及其与环境因素的关系

[目的]探究油蒿的蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应,旨在为固沙植被建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用野外大型称重式蒸渗仪于2014年6—9月底对单株油蒿的蒸腾过程进行连续观测,并同步监测了土壤含水量及相关气象因子。[结果]油蒿单日蒸腾强度曲线在晴天表现为双峰曲线,而在阴雨天双峰曲线不明显;研究期间,单株油蒿蒸腾耗水量为101.66mm,日平均蒸腾强度为0.83mm/d。蒸渗仪内土壤蒸发量106.05mm,日平均土壤蒸发强度为0.87mm/d,试验期间蒸散量占降雨量的82.98%。降雨可以维持油蒿正常生长,并对土壤水分进行一定补充;油蒿蒸腾强度与空气相对湿度(p0.01)、空气温度(p0.01)、太阳净辐射(p0.01)和20cm深度土壤体积含水量(p0.05)具有很好的相关性,且相关性依次减小。[结论]油蒿蒸腾耗水日变化明显,其蒸腾速率受土壤水分状况、气象条件及自身生理特征等因素的影响。     

The use of lysimeter data for the test of two soil–water balance models: A case study

Two soil–water balance models were tested by a comparison of simulated with measured daily rates of actual evapotranspiration, soil water storage, groundwater recharge, and capillary rise. These rates were obtained from twelve weighable lysimeters with three different soils and two different lower boundary conditions for the time period from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998. In that period, grass vegetation was grown on all lysimeters. These lysimeters are located in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany. One model calculated the soil water balance using the Richards equation. The other one used a capacitance approach. Both models used the same modified Penman formula for the estimation of potential evapotranspiration and the same simple empirical vegetation model for the calculation of transpiration, interception, and evaporation. The comparisons of simulated with measured model outputs were analyzed using the modeling‐efficiency index IA and the root mean squared error RMSE. At some lysimeters, the uncalibrated application of both models led to an underestimation of cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, despite a good simulation quality in terms of IA and RMSE. A calibration of soil‐hydraulic and vegetation parameters such as maximum rooting depth resulted in a better fit between simulated and observed cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, but in some cases also decreased the simulation quality of both models in terms of IA and RMSE. The results of this calibration indicated that, in addition to a precise determination of the soil water‐retention functions, vegetation parameters such as rooting depth should also be observed. Without such information, the rooting depth is a calibration parameter. However, in some cases, the uncalibrated application of both models also led to an acceptable fit between measured and simulated model outputs.     

Evapotranspiration predictions of CERES-Sorghum model in Southern Italy

The purpose of this study was to modify and calibrate the CERES-Sorghum water balance model for the dry, high radiation and windy conditions in an area in Southern Italy.

The equation for estimating potential evapotranspiration (E₀) was substituted by another one, calibrated in the study site and expressed as a function of equilibrium evaporation and maximum vapour pressure deficit (defined as the difference between the saturation vapour pressure at maximum and at minimum temperatures).

To calibrate the E₀ equation included in CERES-Sorghum, two drainage lysimeters, located at the Istituto Sperimentale Agronomico experimental farm, Foggia (Italy), were used to measure weekly evapotranspiration of well-watered, irrigated fescue grass, from 1976 to 1986.

A further drainage lysimeter, located in the same farm and cropped with well-watered grain sorghum (cv. NK 121) was used to calibrate the genetic coefficients input to the modified CERES-Sorghum model during the cropping seasons 1979 and 1980.

Simulated phenological dates (anthesis and maturity), grain yield, LAI, biomass and crop evapotranspiration were then compared with the measured ones in a fourth drainage lysimeter cropped with sorghum.

The modified model simulated grain yield accurately, but simulated daily evapotranspiration did not always match well the observed value, especially early in the crop cycle. Improvements are needed to the model in its simulation of soil evaporation and in the crop response function to temperature.     

基于动态称量原理的泛函式播种施肥量检测方法

针对动态检测播种施肥量的测量系统易受振动干扰影响且难消除的问题,本文采用高压氮气弹簧的支撑力和S型传感器的拉力组合成称量式播量检测装置,利用压力和拉力之间存在力向相反、幅值呈比例的互补特性,提出了一种泛函式播量检测方法,该方法构建了以目标播量函数为变量的泛函,通过求取泛函极值确定目标播量函数。利用外槽轮式小麦播种施肥机平台,在不同目标播量（225、300、375kg/hm2）和不同车速（3、5km/h,3~7km/h变速）下开展了18组室外车载式小麦播种交叉试验,并应用泛函式播量检测方法获取累积播量和动态播量信息。累积播量的绝对相对偏差的最大值、平均值和标准差分别为5.61%、2.26%和1.58%;动态播量的检测数据在作业面积较小时（少于0.020hm2时）存在较大波动,随着作业面积的增加呈明显收敛趋势,动态播量稳定阶段（作业面积大于0.033hm2）,所有测试最大绝相对偏差为9.61%,单次测试中,最大平均值为4.73%,最大标准差为1.97%。试验结果表明,泛函式播量检测方法能有效获取动态播量和累积播量信息,为播种施肥机的播量检测提供了一种测量方法。     

Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China

Accurate determination of evapotranspiration (ET) is useful to develop precise irrigation scheduling. Although eddy covariance (EC) is a direct method which is widely used to measure ET, its performance in arid region of northwest China is not clear. In this study, ET measured by EC (ET_EC) was compared with that by large-scale weighing lysimeter (ET_L) during the whole growing season of maize in 2009. Energy balance ratio was 0.84 for daytime fluxes, indicating that lack of energy balance closure occurred, so daytime ET_EC was adjusted by Bowen-ratio forced closure method. Compared to the corresponding ET_L, half-hourly daytime ET_EC was underestimated by 21.8% without the adjustment and 4.8% with the adjustment. Furthermore, nighttime ET_EC was adjusted using filtering/interpolation method. Mean error between half-hourly nighttime ET_EC and ET_L decreased from 30.2% without the adjustment to 10.3% with the adjustment. After such adjustment of day and night measurements, daily ET_EC was underestimated by 6.2% compared to ET_L. These results indicated that the adjusted ET_EC well matched with the ET_L. Moreover, the discrepancy of adjusted total ET_EC and ET_L was decreased to 3.2% after subtracting the overestimated ET by lysimeter resulting from irrigation and heavy rainfall events. Thus, after appropriate adjustments of observations, eddy covariance method is accurate in estimating maize ET in the arid region of northwest China.     

针对土壤重金属污染评价的模糊数学模型的改进及应用

土壤重金属污染评价是土壤重金属污染研究的重要课题。本文改进了针对土壤重金属污染评价的模糊数学模型和评价因子权重的计算方法,提出了基于污染物浓度和毒性的双权重因子的模糊综合评价法。该法慎重考虑了各级标准界限的模糊性,较好继承了模糊数学方法用于土壤重金属评价的优点。它从定性和定量两方面,比较客观地反映污染因子对土壤环境质量的影响。采用双权重系数法确定各指标的权重,综合考虑评价因子的浓度和毒性,不但在大多数情形下与对比的其它方法结果相一致,而且可以克服其它几种方法出现的误判,提高了评价结果的分辨性,使评价结果更全面、更能真实地反映土壤重金属污染实际状况。     

稳态气孔计与其它3种方法蒸腾测值的比较研究

１９８９－１９９２年,分别在山东（鲁克斯扬）与宁夏（合作杨）人工林中,用３种方法（快速称量法、热脉冲法和整树容器法）多次对比了气孔计测值的变化。结果表明,气孔计测值恒大于实际蒸腾值。根据１０次１０２６个样本比较,气孔计测值约为自然蒸腾值的１．３－３．２倍,平均为２．６４９倍,其平均校正系数为０．３７７５,干旱地区为０．６４５２,较湿润地区为０．３４０７,此值可作为蒸腾耗水研究的参考。