农业土地规模经营的理论探讨

实现农业土地规模经营,有利于生产力有效运转并取得最佳的规模效益。其适度性受各种因素的影响,具有区域性和动态性。规模经营与劳动生产率有着密切的关系,应该在确保提高土地生产率的基础上来提高劳动生产和土地规模经营的效益。土地适当集中、土地经营主体的总人数尽量精简和劳动组合的优化是优化土地经营规模的三个相互制约的因素。要采取积极的措施逐步实现土地的规模经营。对现有土地经营形式要做具体分析,其调整应从有利于生产力发展出发,在尊重群众意愿的基础上稳步进行。     

以彝人古镇为例论我国新兴旅游形式的发展

旅游是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的产物,是人们在满足了基本生活需要的基础上逐渐所形成的更高层次的消费需求,随着经济的发展以及社会不断的进步,人们思维方式的不断转变对于旅游的要求也逐渐发生了转变。     

刺槐无性系种子园老龄母树截干矮化试验

利用刺槐萌蘖力强的特性,对刺槐无性系种子园老龄化后的树体进行截干试验,促使其萌蘖形成新的树冠,并进行整形修剪,结果表明:老龄母树截干矮化,效果良好,达到预期目标。解决了原母树树体高大釆种困难的问题,为提高刺槐种子园老龄化后种子产量和质量进行了有益的探索。     

Philosophy of Science and the Chinese Contemporary Architectural Forms

Philosophy of science led by Popper is one of the most important contemporary scientific and philosophic theories.In addition to the science,the philosophy of science impacted contemporary social science mostly,of which the false-feasibility,circumstantial logic,anti-historical determinism and anti-scientism influenced the orientation of contemporary architecture.Just with these factors of philosophy of science,this thesis reanalyzed and reviewed Chinese contemporary architectural forms,especially the tradition inheritance.     

雨养烟叶种植田无机氮淋溶特征

为了解烤烟种植下土壤氮淋溶与大田作物差异,评价烟田常规养分管理,探寻烟田无机氮淋溶的阻控策略。以贵州龙岗长期定位试验为平台,于2015—2017年开展常规管理下烟田氮素淋失及其影响因素研究。试验设5个处理:不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、化肥+厩肥(NPK+M)、化肥+连作(NPK+L)、化肥+生物有机肥(NPK+BM)。结果表明,烟田全年无机氮淋溶量为3.62~6.08 kg/hm^2,氮肥净淋溶率为0.09%~3.29%。无机氮的淋溶损失主要发生在烤烟生长季,尤其是5—6月,其占总淋溶量的40.33%~65.86%。烟田淋溶液中氮素形态主要是有机态,无机氮的比例平均仅为29.83%,缓苗期和旺长期(5—6月)淋溶液中无机氮比例高于烤烟成熟期(7—8月),前者无机氮比例平均33.00%,后者其平均为26.67%。降雨是影响烟田淋溶损失的主要因素,无机氮淋溶量与月降雨量呈非线性相关。施用化肥导致无机氮淋溶显著升高,有机肥配施化肥降低了土壤溶液淋溶,降低了氮肥淋溶损失。与烤烟玉米轮作处理相比,烤烟连作处理显著降低了土壤水淋溶,使氮肥净淋溶率降低59.57%。综上,目前烤烟常规管理下,雨养农业区烟田无机氮淋溶强度不高,受降雨影响大,应注重有机无机配施降低无机氮淋溶,在养分管理中考虑如何降低有机氮淋溶,以提高氮素养分供应量。     

苏南经济快速发展区土壤Ni的形态分布影响因素——以昆山市为例

以江苏省昆山市为典型区,通过现场采样及室内分析测定,定量研究了几种因素对农田土壤Ni形态分布的影响。结果表明：（1）土壤有效态Ni含量为1.31 mg.kg-1,土壤全Ni含量为40.95 mg.kg-1,土壤Ni的活化率为3.38%。（2）土壤重金属Ni各形态含量相对大小为残渣态（36.20 mg.kg-1）〉有机质结合态（2.80 mg.kg-1）〉铁锰氧化物结合态（1.31 mg.kg-1）〉可交换态（0.54 mg.kg-1）、碳酸盐结合态（0.10 mg.kg-1）,残渣态含量明显高于其他形态,达88.16%。（3）pH值是影响可交换态Ni含量的最主要因素,达极显著负相关水平;全Ni含量是影响碳酸盐结合态Ni含量、铁锰氧化物结合态Ni含量和残渣态Ni含量的最主要因素,达极显著正相关水平;有机质含量是影响有机质结合态Ni含量的最主要因素,呈显著正相关水平。（4）〈0.01 mm粘粒含量是影响可交换态Ni含量的重要因素,有机质含量是碳酸盐结合态Ni含量的重要影响因素,pH值和有机质含量都是影响铁锰氧化物结合态Ni含量的重要因素,〈0.01 mm粘粒含量、pH值都是影响有机质结合态Ni含量的重要因素,pH值是影响残渣态Ni含量的重要因素。     

沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究

以富营养化类型不同的乌梁素海和岱海为对象,根据水域面积及生态类型进行采样及分析测试,开展了湖泊沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究,对比分析了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量的分布特征及其差异性,初步探讨了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量与含水率、pH及有机碳各形态间的相关性。结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物中微生物量介于5.59×10^8～32.46×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均16.36×10^8个·g^-1dw;岱海表层沉积物微生物量介于4.76×10^8～43.66×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均25.04×10^8个·g^-1dw;乌梁素海微生物量的高值区位于湖区东南部,岱海微生物量的高值区位于湖心区;2个湖泊沉积物柱芯中的微生物量均随深度增加而减少,沉积物微生物量与含水率、总氮和活性有机碳呈显著相关性。     

沼液施用对土壤与植物中磷分布的影响

以余杭青菜地潮土、红壤为例,选取未施加沼液、正常施加沼液以及加倍施加的土壤剖面各3条,研究沼液施加对土壤和植物磷(P)分布的影响,为畜禽废弃物资源化利用和瓜果合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)沼液施加能够提高表层土壤的总P含量,而对深层土壤的总P含量影响不大;(2)沼液施加后,土壤中的Fe-P含量会有显著增加;(3)青菜茎和叶中的总P含量随沼液施加量的增加而增加,其中叶增加的趋势最明显。     

模拟酸雨胁迫对赤红壤磷素形态特征的影响

通过田间小区模拟酸雨实验,研究酸雨胁迫下赤红壤不同磷素形态变化的方向和程度。结果表明,原位模拟酸雨影响下,一定强度（pH≥4.0）的酸雨胁迫能有效促进有效磷的释放,而当pH〈4.0强度酸雨胁迫时有效磷的释放随pH值降低逐渐受到抑制。随酸雨酸度的增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶和微生物量磷均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,可见一定强度酸雨胁迫能促进溶磷微生物和磷酸酶活性,而当高强度酸雨胁迫时土壤微生物活动逐渐受到抑制。无机磷组分中Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P含量均随酸雨酸度的增强而降低,土壤O-P含量没有显著变化。相关分析发现,有效磷含量与微生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,表明此时土壤有效磷变化与有机磷矿化关系最为密切。有效磷含量与各种形态无机磷（Al-P、O-P、Ca-P和Fe-P）含量之间也有较强的正相关性,表明土壤生态系统磷素转化是一个自我调节的动态平衡过程,且在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

IMPACT OF SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON DIFFERENT FORMS AND BALANCE OF SOIL SULFUR AND THE NUTRITION OF WHEAT IN WHEAT-SOYBEAN CROPPING SEQUENCE IN TARAI SOIL

A field experiment was conducted at farmer's field in Mollisols of Tarai soils in Uttarakhand (India), to assess the direct and residual effect of sulfur fertilization in wheat-soybean cropping sequence. Four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha^?1) were applied to main crop (wheat) along with recommended dose of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). The direct and residual effect of sulfur at highest level showed 27 and 6 percent increase in grain yield of wheat and soybean over control, respectively. The increase in grain yield of wheat was significant at each sulfur level. The direct as well as residual effect of sulfur showed significant increase in sulfur concentration and its uptake by grain and straw except increase in sulfur concentration and uptake by soybean straw. In wheat-soybean cropping sequence, the agronomic efficiency and apparent sulfur recovery decreased with increase in levels of sulfur, but the percent response increased with increasing sulfur application. Different forms of sulfur such as total sulfur, organic sulfur, calcium chloride extractable sulfur, potassium dihydrogen phosphate extractable sulfur, and non-sulfate sulfur in post-harvest soil increased according to sulfur level applied but it decreased under control and also after residual crops. The buildup of sulfur in surface soils was greater than in the deeper soils. Application of sulfur showed the positive sulfur balance and it increased with increase in sulfur level, while it was negative under control. A major portion (46–62%) of applied sulfur contributed to increase in sulfur content of root zone soil followed by unaccounted component (25–40%) and small portion (11–18%) was absorbed by wheat plant as uptake.