基于博弈论的农户土地利用行为研究——以陕西省米脂县孟岔村为例

以米脂县孟岔村为研究对象,通过设计农户问卷,将研究区农户划分为种粮农户、打工农户、种果农户、种粮兼顾打工农户等四大类,并利用GIS、GPS技术将土地利用的空间信息和农户微观主体的社会经济行为与特征联系起来.随后使用完全信息静态博弈,建立了不同类型农户的两两博弈关系模型,通过模型分析得出: (1) 农户以自身利益最大化为决策目标,并考虑了其他农户的决策行为对其产生的影响,孟岔村最终形成了"少数农户承包旱地经营果园,部分农户承包水浇地,部分农户完全脱离土地外出打工,大部分农户农忙时种粮和农闲时打工"的土地利用和家庭经营模式;(2) 上述土地利用模式使研究区域土壤侵蚀量有了明显的降低并有效地增加了农户的收入.     

Compatibility of root growth and tuber production of potato cultivars with dynamic and static water‐saving irrigation managements

The important root characteristics of root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) generally differ among irrigation managements and potato cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the RLD and RMD variations and their functional relationships with gross potato tuber yield for two commercial potato cultivars, Agria and Sante, under different irrigation strategies. Full irrigation and water‐saving irrigation strategies, deficit and partial root drying irrigations, were applied statically (S) and dynamically (D) based on daily crop evapotranspiration. Results showed that SPRD had significantly greater RLD (3.64 cm/cm³) and RMD (132.7 μg/cm³) than other irrigation treatments. Between the potato cultivars, Agria had significantly larger values of RLD (3.50 cm/cm³) and RMD (138.7 μg/cm³) than Sante. The functional relationship between the root growth characteristics and tuber yield showed that under water‐saving irrigations, Agria increased root mass at the expense of gross tuber yield but Sante increased root mass to maintain larger gross tuber yields. However, Agria produced more roots and gross tuber yield than Sante, and it is concluded that Agria is a more drought‐tolerant potato cultivar, which is recommended for tuber production in regions where water might be scarce. It was shown that larger root production in potatoes was associated with improved tolerance to water stress.     

Whole body vibration affects the cross‐sectional area and symmetry of the m. multifidus of the thoracolumbar spine in the horse

Whole body vibration (WBV) has been used as an adjunctive therapy to improve the strength and size of paraspinal muscles as well as postural control in people with lower back pain. It has been proposed that activation of the m. multifidus plays a key role. As the function and anatomy of the m. multifidus in the horse is comparable to that in man, the authors investigated whether WBV might also be a valuable physiotherapeutic modality in horses. The effects of WBV on the cross‐sectional area (CSA) and left to right symmetry of the m. multifidus at various locations of the thoracolumbar spine of the horse was evaluated in a single‐subject quasi‐experimental time‐series design with repeated measure. Nine horses were subject to WBV, 30 min, twice daily, 5 days a week, for 60 days in addition to their regular exercise routine. The CSA of the left and right m. multifidus was measured ultrasonographically at four levels (T15–T16, T16–T17, T18–L1 and L1–L2) along the thoracolumbar spine at Days ?30, 0, 30 and 60 of the study. Changes in the CSA and CSA symmetry (left to right) of the m. multifidus were analysed using nonparametric, repeated measures, comparison of mean ranks with post‐hoc analysis as necessary. A significant increase (P<0.05) in m. multifidus CSA was found at all spinal levels after 30 and 60 days of WBV and a statistically significant improvement in m. multifidus symmetry (becoming more symmetrical) was found after 60 days of WBV, indicating that WBV may be a valuable alternative to dynamic mobilisation exercises when an increase in size and improvement in left to right symmetry of the m. multifidus is sought.     

苯酚废水处理的试验研究

通过试验对比了活性炭吸附法、电解法、活性炭填充电极电解法处理苯酚废水的效果,探讨了其反应机理。在对影响处理苯酚废水去除率的各种要素如反应时间、电流密度、原水浓度、pH值等进行条件试验后,得出了去除苯酚静态试验的最佳条件。对活性炭填充电极电解法处理苯酚废水而言,电流密度、原水浓度、pH值的影响不大,最佳反应时间为60 m in,最佳NaC l投加量为0.2%。     

青藏高原高寒牧区家畜粪便堆肥化处理技术研究

堆肥化处理是有效利用青藏高原高寒牧区牲畜粪便、减轻环境影响的可行途径。本文针对高寒牧区低温和劳动力资源缺乏的问题,研究了一种静态通气方式和保温措施对堆腐效果的影响。静态通气通过埋植于堆体中的通气管实现,而保温通过堆体外的双层塑料膜的温室效应实现。实验结果表明,埋入通气管与翻堆相比可以显著提高堆体内部和堆体外层的温度,有效加快腐熟速度,减少堆腐过程中养分的损失,降低劳动力投入,可以作为高寒牧区替代翻堆的更好通气手段。双层保温膜与单层膜相比能够有效辅助通气管维持堆体高温。堆肥原料中添加磷肥虽然可提高堆腐温度,但同时也增加了堆腐过程中有机质和氮素的损失,需要根据当地实际情况选用。     

装载机工作装置结构有限元分析

装载机工作装置设计水平的高低直接影响其作业性能的好坏,进而影响整机工作效率。本文基于有限元分析理论,研究了工作装置的静力分析问题,建立了有限元模型,对6种典型载荷工况进行了分析,为工作装置的设计提供了依据。采用自由度耦合模拟销轴的铰接为类似结构边界条件的处理提供了一种实用方案。     

刺青瓜种子高压静电场处理生化指标试验

选用不同的高压静电场处理参数。采用U5(5^4)均匀设计安排试验。对刺青瓜种子进行电场处理，测定其发芽期的发芽势、发芽率、SOD、VC、MDA等生化指标变化，并建立了相应的数学模型，寻找出刺青瓜种子的最佳静电场处理参数。     

改性豆粕胶黏剂压制稻草板的研究

利用改性豆粕胶黏剂压制稻草板,可以有效缓解木材资源紧张的情况;采用正交实验方法考察了施胶量、热压时间、热压温度对不同配方改性的豆粕胶黏剂压制的稻草板的主要物理力学性能的影响,检测了稻草板的静曲强度和内结合强度;应用旋转粘度计,测定醋丙乳液改性豆粕胶黏剂的黏度。结果表明：改性豆粕胶黏剂的黏度均处于3000～8000 mPa·s范围内。在施胶量为30%时,利用稻草粒径在1.0～20 mm范围内的稻草刨花所压制出的稻草刨花板的静曲强度为14.23 MPa,内结合强度为0.43 MPa,其强度符合GB/T 21723—2008的要求。可见,施胶后的草片接触角明显减小,施加改性豆粕胶的稻草疏水性减弱;施胶后稻草的浸润性显著增强,稻草刨花彼此之间能形成良好的胶接效果。     

福建白水栀鲜花香气的GC/MS分析

采用活体植株动态顶空套袋采集法和TCT-GC/MS联用分析技术,采集分析了白水栀鲜花的香气成分,共鉴定出21种化合物,香气成分主要为(Z)-3,7-二甲基-1,3,6-十八烷三烯(占67.02%)、苯甲酸甲酯(占14.20%)、3,7-二甲基-1,6-辛二烯-3-醇(占10.49%)。     

刺络拔罐配合静力练习治疗急性踝扭伤临床观察

目的分析通过刺络拔罐配合静力练习治疗急性踝关节扭伤的临床疗效。方法收集2009年-2013年病例共71例,根据治疗方案随机分为观察组36例、对照组35例,观察组采用刺络拔罐配合静力练习治疗,对照组采用单纯刺络拔罐治疗。7 d为1个疗程,1个疗程后观察疗效,2个月后复查或随访患者,评价踝关节Kofoed评分。结果两组治疗后临床疗效比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2个月后评价踝关节Kofoed评分,观察组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论急性踝关节扭伤通过刺络拔罐配合静力练习治疗效果优于单纯刺络拔罐治疗。