早生桑品种育151、育237的育成

采用杂交方法育成早生桑品种育151、育237,具有发芽早、产叶量高,叶质较优、抗黄化型萎缩病较强等特性,发芽期比早青桑捉早2-3天.比湖桑32号早8天左右.产叶量提高6-41%.     

Characteristics of grain quality and starch fine structure of japonica rice kernels following preharvest sprouting

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most serious defects that impacts rice production and grain quality. Knowledge about the effects of PHS on the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of milled rice is limited. Here, we selected four japonica rice varieties to study the influences of PHS on grain quality. The results showed that PHS strongly led to poor grain appearance and the development of small starch granules whose surfaces were eroded. Analysis of starch fine structure revealed that PHS resulted in amylose (AM) degradation; in particular, PHS caused a decrease in the content of long AM chains. Moreover, PHS led to a decrease in the content of short amylopectin (AP) chains in the varieties Yandao 815 (YD815), Wuyugeng 27 (WY27) and Yangeng 13 (YG13), while the variety Sidao 785 (SD785) displayed the opposite trend. We propose that the main reasons for the decrease in starch crystallinity and the pasting profiles of the germinated rice were due to both the tendency of the AM content to decrease and the degree of this decrease in the content of the different AM chains along with changes in AP and other major components. All these changes caused by PHS led to a decrease in both ECQ and palatability of milled rice.     

水稻穗发芽研究进展

作物收获前的穗发芽是一个严重的全球性农业生产问题。经过漫长的驯化过程,栽培作物的休眠水平普遍低于野生祖先。尽管休眠期的缩短可能提高作物的繁殖代数和农业产值,但过早的休眠释放使作物在成熟收获前发生穗萌发,造成巨大的经济损失。从穗发芽的生理基础、穗发芽相关QTL和基因、穗发芽防控及展望等方面对水稻穗发芽现象进行梳理,认为高含水量是水稻种子萌发和穗发芽的先决条件,该过程中,淀粉酶活性增强和可溶性糖含量升高为穗发芽提供能量,水稻籽粒中植物激素ABA和GA的含量及种子对二者的敏感性是决定穗发芽的关键所在。近年来,穗发芽相关QTL及其功能基因的挖掘为阐明水稻穗萌机理以及培育穗发芽抗性品种提供重要依据。从长远来看,广泛开展水稻种质资源鉴评,尤其在野生稻、地方品种中寻找丢失的休眠基因,并通过分子育种途径聚集此类基因,培育抗穗萌品系（品种）,对于解决穗发芽问题、提高水稻产量和品质、保证国家粮食安全具有重要意义。     

普通小麦穗发芽抗性相关分子标记在RIL群体中的验证与评价

为了鉴定我国西南冬麦区普通小麦品种的穗发芽抗性,筛选能鉴定穗发芽抗性的相关分子标记,利用小麦品种川农17和新品系R146构建的重组自交系(F7:8)共135个家系作为研究材料,通过测定种子的发芽指数和降落值来共同鉴定小麦的穗发芽抗性。选择7个已发表的与穗发芽抗性相关的分子标记(Xgwm46、Xgwm269、Xgwm282、Xgwm328、Xgwm397、Xwmc468和Xgwm518)对这些材料进行PCR扩增,分析扩增片段与发芽指数和降落值的相关性。结果表明,在135份重组自交系材料中,发芽指数小于0.4的材料有21份,介于0.4~0.8的材料有86份,高于0.8的材料有28份;降落值小于250的材料有20份,大于400的有16份。标记扩增片段与发芽指数和降落值相关分析表明,7个标记中有3个标记(Xgwm397、Xgwm282和Xwmc468)与穗发芽抗性相关,标记Xgwm397和Xwmc468可作为穗发芽抗性选择的分子标记在育种中加以利用;另外三个标记Xgwm269、Xgwm328、Xgwm518与穗发芽抗性不相关;标记Xgwm46只与发芽指数相关,与降落值相关不显著,能否用作穗发芽筛选标记需进一步验证。     

小麦抗穗发芽机理研究现状

为了及时了解小麦抗穗发芽机制,加快我国小麦抗穗发芽品种选育进程。以影响穗发芽的主要因素α-淀粉酶为切入点,对影响α-淀粉酶活性的调控因子α-淀粉酶抑制剂和硫氧还蛋白h在小麦中的分布、作用性质、生物学功能及抗穗发芽解决途径进行了介绍。并结合自己的研究工作,认为利用基因工程技术导入反义Trxs基因是解决穗发芽的一条行之有效的途径。     

小麦白粒种质资源抗穗发芽性的配合力分析

用我国抗穗发芽性显著不同的21个白粒小麦品种(系)及1个红皮品系为材料,分别配成5×6、4×7和7×5三套NCⅡ交配设计,以穗发芽率为指标对杂种F_1及亲本进行配合力分析。结果一般配合力方差达极显著水平,特殊配合力方差亦显著或极显著,基因加性效应起主要作用。抗性亲本对杂种抗穗发芽性表现的作用显著大于敏感亲本,其平均穗发芽率与其一般配合力效应间相关较高,平均相关系数为0.816。穗发芽抗性遗传力较高,广义遗传力和狭义遗传力平均分别为83.30％和58.96％,可以在杂种早代-中代对其进行选择。涪陵须须麦、万县白麦子、遂宁坨坨麦、万雅M120E6、丰产3号等具有较好的一般配合力,可作为优良白粒抗源在育种中利用。     

砒砂岩区沙棘定植株与萌蘖株生长指标间的关联分析

砒砂岩区为中国自然生态环境最为恶劣的地区之一。多年来的科学研究和生产实践均证明,沙棘为适应这一地区的最佳先锋植物。2～8a沙棘定植株的平均高、地径分别与萌蘖株高、冠幅间存在着较好的正相关关系;中等盖度（40％～70％）的沙棘人工林分,其萌蘖能力最高。生产实践中可充分利用沙棘萌蘖性能强的优势,有效降低种植密度,减少种植成本,实现砒砂岩区快速、经济、高效恢复植被的目的。     

Effects of early cleaning on young Picea abies stands

Young Norway spruce stands (Picea abies [L.] Karst) are typically cleaned of non-crop species on one or several occasions during young stand stage. In order to objectively evaluate the perceived benefits of early cleaning (EC), we studied the effects of EC on three study sites 2–2.5 years after receiving the treatment. Experiments were established as a randomised complete block design with a total of 40 blocks. Although height growth and mortality were not significantly affected, we found that EC substantially reduced canopy competition and, consequently, the mean diameter of released spruce grew 21–32% faster depending on the site. Furthermore, non-crop trees that were cleared during EC had fewer sprouts in two of the three sites and the sprouts were substantially smaller than the corresponding non-crop trees on control in all sites. EC can reduce the cost of pre-commercial thinning because EC reduced the estimated time needed for subsequent management by 18–49%. Thus, EC offers forest owners and managers an economically viable young stand management option.     

不同激素对油用牡丹上胚轴萌发的影响

以‘凤丹白’胚根大于3cm的种子为试验材料,采用全因子试验方法,研究了GA3、NAA和6-BA 3种激素的不同浓度和时间对胚根种子的萌芽率、发芽指数和初萌期的影响,以期为苗木生产提供依据。结果表明:GA3500mg·L^-1处理16h,其萌芽率、发芽指数和初萌期分别为98.89%、0.28和77.00d,发芽指数显著高于对照、初萌期显著比对照提早了13.33d;NAA 100mg·L^-1和6-BA 100mg·L^-1对‘凤丹白’上胚轴萌发均没有明显的促进或抑制作用,300mg·L^-1 NAA和6-BA、500mg·L^-1 NAA和6-BA不论浸种时间长短均明显地抑制了‘凤丹白’种子的萌芽率和发芽指数;同时,500mg·L^-1NAA显著地延长了‘凤丹白’种子的初萌期,说明500mg·L^-1 NAA严重抑制了‘凤丹白’种子的生长发育。