Contribution of Different Organs to Grain Filling in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions I. Contribution of Post‐Anthesis Photosynthesis and Remobilization

Under Mediterranean conditions, drought affects cereals production principally through a limitation of grain filling. In this study, the respective role of post‐anthesis photosynthesis and carbon remobilization and the contribution of flag leaf, stem, chaff and awns to grain filling were evaluated under Mediterranean conditions in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) cultivars. For the purpose, we examined the effects of shading and excision of different parts of the plant and compared carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in dry matter of flag leaf, stem, chaff, awns and grain at maturity and in sap of stem, flag leaf, chaff and awns, this last measurement providing information on photosynthesis during a short period preceding sampling. Source–sink manipulations and isotopic imprints of different organs on final isotope composition of the grain confirmed the high contribution of both carbons assimilated by ears and remobilized from stems to grain filling, and the relatively low contribution of leaves to grain filling. Grain Δ was highly and significantly associated with grain yield across treatments, suggesting the utilization of this trait as an indicator of source–sink manipulations effects on grain yield. Chaff and awns Δ were better correlated with grain Δ than stem and leaf Δ, indicating that chaff were more involved in grain filling than other organs. Moreover, in chaff, sap Δ was highly significantly correlated with dry matter Δ. These results suggest the use of Δ for a rapid and non‐destructive estimation of the variation in the contribution of different organs to grain filling.     

中国草地固碳减排研究现状及其建议

随着经济的快速发展,温室气体的排放量不断增加,加之人类对自然资源的利用强度逐渐增加,导致全球生态系统的固碳能力减弱,大气中的温室气体浓度达到新高,所造成的温室效应已经成为国际社会普遍关注的重大全球性问题。中国草地碳汇资源得天独厚,发展草原碳汇经济成为履行国际承诺、打造碳汇新经济、建设美丽中国的重要载体。综述中国草地固碳减排现状及其影响因素,包括草地碳汇和家畜生产减排研究、气候变化背景下的草地碳汇、人工草地建设等方面,并提出中国草地固碳减排发展建议,以期为中国实现碳达峰、碳中和及草地固碳减排的贡献提供理论基础,为推动我国社会高质量发展、创造高品质生活提供坚实的技术支撑。     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.     

循环经济视角下乡村旅游资源低碳化开发研究

旅游循环经济与低碳经济之间存在耦合机制,为减少碳源和增加碳汇,循环经济下的乡村旅游资源低碳化开发方法主要有梯次开发、变废为宝、资源共享、循环经济技术、生态补偿、地方性利用六种。自然环境美化、示范效应和融合发展是具体开发模式,其中,低碳型的融合模式以产业外部循环和要素内部循环为主要表现。     

Experimental determinations of factors affecting the sink rates of baited hooks to minimize seabird mortality in pelagic longline fisheries

• 1. An experiment was conducted in Australia's pelagic longline fishery to establish a scientific basis for the introduction of line weighting to reduce seabird mortality. The experiment examined the effects of different bait species (blue mackerel, yellow‐tail mackerel and squid), bait life status (dead or alive), weight of leaded swivels (60 g, 100 g and 160 g) and leader length (distance between leaded swivel and hooks: 2 m, 3 m and 4 m) on the sink rates of baited hooks from 0–6 m deep.
• 2. On average, live bait sank much more slowly than dead bait. The sink rates of individual live bait were highly variable: many were <2 m underwater 18 s after deployment, including some on the heaviest swivels, and some were <10 m deep after 120 s.
• 3. Within the dead bait group, all three swivel weights on 3 m and 4 m leaders sank at similar rates. Initial sink rates (e.g. 0–2 m) were 2–3 times slower than final rates (e.g. 4–6 m) for all combinations of swivel weight and leader length. The fastest initial and final sink rates were associated with heavy swivels placed close to hooks.
• 4. The results show that (a) compared with dead bait, live bait greatly increases the exposure of baited hooks to seabirds; (b) initial sink rates of dead bait are increased by placing leaded swivels close to hooks and final rates by increasing the weight of the swivels; (c) adding weight to long leaders makes little difference to sink rates; and (d) the small (incremental) changes to swivel weights and leader lengths typically preferred by industry will be difficult to detect at sea and unlikely to substantially reduce seabird mortality.
• 5. We suggest that experiments designed to reduce seabird mortality from that associated with 60 g swivels and ～3.5 m leaders (the preferred option by industry) should aim to expedite the initial sink rates as well as rates to deeper depths. This objective could be achieved by including branch lines with ≥120 g swivels ≤2 m in comparative assessments of the effectiveness of line weighting regimes in reducing seabird mortality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

广东省海水养殖贝藻类碳汇潜力评估

大型藻类和滤食性贝类可以直接或者间接吸收水体中的碳（C）,收获养殖产品形成了一个＂可移出的碳汇＂,提高了海域的碳汇潜力。文章从物质量评估和价值量评估两方面对广东省贝、藻养殖的碳汇贡献进行了定量评估。物质量评估结果显示,2009年广东省海水养殖的贝类和藻类收获可以从海水中移出C约11×104t,相当于39.6×104t二氧化碳（CO2）;价值量评估结果显示封存固定这些CO2所需要的费用约0.59×108～2.38×108美元。因此,基于贝、藻养殖的碳汇渔业具有巨大的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。     

宁夏灌区春小麦源库演变规律的研究

为探讨宁夏灌区春小麦品种更替过程中源库的演替规律,以宁夏灌区四次更新的主栽春小麦品种和搭配品种及近年来的重要育成品种为对象,分析了源库指标及产量的变化。结果表明,随着品种的更替,宁夏灌区春小麦的源强从1953年以前的35.66 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1增加到了1995年以后的106.99 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,提高了3倍;库容由289.97 g·m^-2增加到554.18 g·m^-2,提高了1.91倍,经济系数从0.29增加到0.38。源库协同改良使得春小麦的产量逐年增加。生物产量的增加主要依赖于源指标的改善,而籽粒产量的增加需要改善源库综合指标。因此,实现宁夏灌区春小麦产量的突破,应在增库的基础上扩源,建立合理的群体,协调源库比,促进春小麦光合产物向库的运转。     

乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用及优势分析

随着我国社会经济的发展,逐步暴露出了许多的生态环境问题.而为了维持生态的平衡,就要提高植树造林的力度,这其中碳汇造林就是植树造林工作的延伸.在碳汇造林中乡土阔叶树种发挥着重要作用,针对乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用进行分析,对项目中出现的问题进行优化.     

不同基因型抗虫棉的光合生产与叶源特征

以33B为对照,对早发型常规Bt棉鲁棉研17、鲁棉研21,晚发型Bt棉鲁棉研22,杂交Bt棉鲁棉研15、鲁棉研20进行了2年的种植和比较。早发型品种中前期干物质积累和叶面积增长快,但后期干物质积累慢、叶面积下降快,表现出明显的早发早熟和干旱年份易早衰的特点;晚发型品种前期干物质积累和叶面积增长慢,但后期增长快,表现出明显的晚发甚至贪青晚熟的特点。两个杂交棉品种表现出与早发型品种基本相同的生育规律,但中前期叶面积系数和干物质积累量显著高于其它供试品种。盛铃期以前,未见品种间功能叶光合速率的显著差异,但在干旱年份,早发型品种在始絮期功能叶的光合速率显著低于晚发型品种。早发型品种中后期的根冠比和功能叶含K量显著低于晚发型品种,而叶面积载荷量却显著高于晚发型品种。不同品种干物质产量和熟相的差异可能分别与叶面积系数大小和库源比例不同有关。     

水稻籽粒库强与其淀粉积累之间关系的研究

本试验以源限制型水稻品种亚优2号、献改优63和汕优63为材料，研究籽粒发育过程中籽粒库强与其淀粉积累之间的关系。结果表明：（1）强、弱势粒淀粉积累与其胚乳细胞的数目密切相关，两者表现出明显的同步性；（2）强势粒蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶和淀粉合成酶最大活性高峰出现时间显著早于弱势粒的出现时间，