番茄萼片形态性状遗传分析

【目的】探索番茄萼片形态性状的遗传规律,为番茄新品种选育过程中萼片形态性状选择提供依据。【方法】以萼片包被(TI1101-1,P_1)和萼片上卷番茄(J53,P_2)材料为亲本,构建4个世代P_1、P_2、F_1和F_2遗传群体,用游标卡尺对4个世代番茄萼片形态及其形态性状(萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度)进行测量和统计,从而对番茄萼片形态性状的遗传规律、中亲优势、遗传模型进行分析。【结果】番茄F_1代正反交萼片形态一致,均为基平,说明萼片形态的遗传属于细胞核遗传。在F_2代分离群体中,萼片形态包被、基平、上翘、上卷的分离比为1∶34.4∶9∶1.6,即不符合孟德尔遗传规律,属于数量性状。萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度的中亲优势率分别为3.55%,-6.77%,-9.90%,0.51%,-32.42%,-62.02%。同时,运用植物数量性状主基因+多基因遗传分析法对6个萼片形态性状测量值的分析得出:萼片长符合2对等加性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传模型(MX2-EAED-AD),萼片厚度、面积、卷曲度符合2对加性-主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传模型(MX2-ADI-AD),萼片宽度、上翘度符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(MX2-ADI-ADI)。萼片长度、宽度、厚度、面积、上翘度、卷曲度的主基因遗传率为42.59%～77.15%,多基因遗传率为0%～39.89%。【结论】该组合6个番茄萼片形态性状均受2对主基因控制,且主基因遗传率大于多基因遗传率,以主基因遗传为主。     

Importance of sepals in fruit and seed development in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Summary The green sepals in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) persist till almost the time of fruit ripening. Since the plant retains very few leaves and the fruits are better exposed to receive sunlight, the green sepals may be important in fruit and seed development. Influence of the removal of 0, 1, 3 and 5 sepals on the day of anthesis, 7, 15 and 25 days after anthesis on fruit and seed development was examined. Excision of all the fine sepals on the day of anthesis stopped fruit and seed development in the varieties M 10 and NP (RR) 45 but in Mukta the reduction was about 55%. Removal of three sepals also decreased fruit growth in Mukta and NP (RR) 45. The effect of removal of sepals was more pronounced on the number of seeds per fruit than on seed weight. Sepals fixed ¹⁴CO₂ and translocated ¹⁴C to seeds. However, the ¹⁴CO₂ fixation was maximum at early stages of fruit development, whereas a higher percentage of the fixed ¹⁴C was translocated at later stages of growth. It is suggested that the sepal size in linseed could be a useful selection criterion.     

Inheritance of Corolla Size, Number of Stamens and Percentage of Plants with Petaloid Stamens in Evergreen Azaleas (Rhododendron Subsect. obtusa)

Research has been carried out on the inheritance of corolla size, number of stamens and percentage of plants with petaloid stamens (double flower) in evergreen azaleas (Rhododendron Subsect. obtusa). For this purpose two incomplete diallel crosses were used. The first one included seven species and one cultivar and the second diallel 13 cultivars. In both diallels for all three characters the GCA mean squares were high. Also, the positive correlation between the parental values and the GCA estimates for flower size and number of stamens indicates that the expression of these characters is mainly determined by additive gene action. A negative correlation was found between GCA estimates for die n number of stamens and the percentage of plants with petaloid stamens. When breeding azaleas with large double flowers, parents can be directly selected on the basis of these characters since additive genetic variance dominates. As no genetic correlations were found between corolla size and number of stamens (percentage of plants with petaloid stamens) the breeding will not be hampered by unfavourable linkage of genes for these characters.     

Correlation of phytoplasma concentration in Hydrangea macrophylla with green-flowering stability

The interaction between phytoplasma concentration and green-flowering stability was studied in hydrangea cultivars. Three green and 18 nongreen cultivars were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to determine Japanese hydrangea phyllody (JHP) phytoplasma infection. The results showed that JHP-phytoplasma was detected only in ‘Midori’ plants, which have green sepals. ‘Midori’ plants were propagated, and from 29 rooted cutting plants, they were grouped into three types on the basis of sepal color, that is, green (75.9%), blue-green (13.8%) and blue (10.3%) sepals. To clarify the variability in the sepal color of ‘Midori’ plants, JHP-phytoplasma concentration in the sepals and leaves of green-, blue-green- and blue-flowering plants was determined by PCR analysis. The semiquantitative PCR comparisons of 370 bp DNA fragments showed that the JHP-phytoplasma concentrations in green sepals were 16 times higher than that in blue-green sepals. JHP-phytoplasma could not be identified by PCR analysis in blue sepals and leaves. These results showed that JHP-phytoplasma concentration correlated with green sepal stability in ‘Midori’ plants. A histological observation of sepals showed that epidermal cells of blue and blue-green sepals had a dome shape. Otherwise, green sepals were leaflike with flat epidermal cells, and palisade parenchyma cells with numerous chloroplasts.     

为传统名花绣球和粉团正名

为纠正植物学专著对传统名花“绣球”和“粉团”的错误考订,恢复它们的本来面目,进行了文献考证和实物比对。结果表明,《中国植物志》中的粉团Viburnumplicatum Thunb．实乃典籍中的绣球;而该书的绣球Hydrangeamacrophylla（Thunb．）Ser．,才是真正的粉团（该种曾称“八仙花”,更谬甚）。本文还对它们混淆的根源作了探讨。     

洋葱瓣化型细胞质雄性不育系psf-A的遗传分析

洋葱瓣化型雄性不育系psf-A是紫皮洋葱常规品种RUPI的突变体,遗传分析表明,洋葱瓣化型不育系psf-A的核恢复基因与1对核基因有关,一对隐性核基因与不育细胞质基因互作导致其不育。不育系psf-A的不育性状较稳定,一般不受环境条件的影响,是一种区别于S型和T型(二者均为褐药型)的洋葱CMS新类型。不育系psf-A的育成,极大地丰富了洋葱雄性不育细胞质的遗传资源。     

一个矮牵牛花器官发育突变体aps的表型鉴定及遗传分析

在利用矮牵牛W138株系构建突变体库的过程中,获得了一种花器官发育突变体,该突变体主要表现为花萼和花瓣发育异常,命名为aps(abnormal petals and sepals)。与正常W138植株相比,aps突变体最明显的表型是花冠开裂,通常为3裂,同时5个花萼中有2个出现部分瓣化。扫描电镜观察结果显示,突变体瓣化花萼的表皮细胞表现为正常花瓣的细胞形态。通过突变体自交、与正常姊妹株和矮牵牛W115株系杂交以及F1自交和回交等遗传分析发现,aps突变性状为单基因控制的隐性性状。q PCR分析结果表明,在突变体花萼中,3个B类基因(FBP1、PMADS1和PMADS2)和部分E类基因(FBP2、FBP4和FBP5)出现异位表达或表达量显著升高,而所有A类基因(FBP26、FBP29、PFG、AP2A、AP2B和AP2C)的表达量均明显下降,E类基因FBP9和FBP23的表达量也下调;突变体花瓣中,A类基因除FBP29不表达外,其他所有基因的表达量均显著增加,B类基因FBP1和PMADS2,E类基因FBP2、FBP5、FBP23和PMADS12的表达量上调;C类和D类基因的表达在突变体花萼和花瓣中没有明显变化,但在雄蕊和花柱中C类基因表达量明显下降,D类基因FBP7在子房中显著下调。aps突变体为研究矮牵牛花器官发育的调控机制及相关基因之间的调控关系提供了良好的材料。     

大岩桐花萼和幼叶转录组研究

利用新一代高通量测序技术平台Illumina Solexa GAⅡx对大岩桐花萼和幼叶进行转录组测序和数据从头组装及生物信息学分析,获得了长度大于100 bp的转录物22 821条;转录本总长度28.63 Mb,N50长度1 548 bp,序列平均长度953 bp。转录物注释结果显示,15 053条有同源比对信息;7 768 条无匹配序列信息,可能为大岩桐特有的基因序列。通过对花萼、幼叶中与激素代谢、信号转导相关的差异KEGG通路比较,推断在花萼中促进生长激素合成基因的表达比幼叶中强,激素信号转导组分基因的表达也比幼叶中强。     

采收时间对玫瑰茄萼片产量及营养成分的影响

为明确玫瑰茄最佳采收时间,以玫瑰茄种质M3和M5为试验材料,对不同采收时间玫瑰茄的萼片产量和原花青素、单宁等营养成分含量进行分析。结果表明,随着采收时间推迟,2份种质的萼片产量和营养成分含量均呈先增加后减少的趋势。M3的鲜果重、鲜萼片重均在开花后21 d达到最大值,分别为12.82 g和7.75 g,干萼片重在开花后28 d达到最大值,为0.98 g;M5的鲜果重在开花后21 d达到最大值,为6.97 g,鲜萼片重、干萼片重均在开花后28 d达到最大值,分别为3.90 g和0.47 g,以采收花萼为目的时,适宜采收期为开花后21~28 d。M3萼片的原花青素含量在开花后35 d时最高,达2 180.00 mg·kg^-1,M5在开花后21 d时最高,达573.50 mg·kg^-1,以提取原花青素为目的采收时,M3和M5的适宜采收期分别为开花后35 d和开花后21 d。M3的单宁含量在开花后28~35 d时最高,达2.30 g·kg^-1, M5在开花后42 d时最高,达1.38 g·kg^-1,以提取单宁为目的采收时,M3和M5的适宜采收期分别为开花后28~35 d和开花后42 d。综上,玫瑰茄的适宜采收时间为开花后一个月左右(28~35 d)。本研究可为玫瑰茄合理采收提供参考依据。     

番茄花萼形态多样性、相关性分析及因子模型构建

番茄花萼一直伴随果实的生长、发育及成熟,是花和果实的重要组成部分,包被在花的最外层,对花蕾有重要的保护作用。本试验以29份不同品种、不同果型的番茄为材料,对其花萼的发育过程、形态指标、相关性及主成分进行研究。结果表明:萼片形态发育过程为闭合、微展、张开、收合、变形、定形,在番茄果实红熟期,萼片形态基本稳定,主要出现平展、上翘、直立、微合、完合、内卷6种,不同品种的番茄萼片数也有所差异,大多数番茄萼片数为27片;番茄红熟期萼片形态特征分析结果表明,萼片的变异系数大小顺序为:SESA（37.07%）>SET（23.81%）>SEUD（22.96%）>SEW（21.07%）>SEL（20.25%）>SESC（19.58%）>SEC（1.29%）;Pearson偏相关性分析结果表明,番茄果实红熟期萼片的形状主要由SEW决定,而与SEL、SET、SESA没有显著相关关系;萼片的卷曲度与上翘度呈极显著负相关（R=-0.402）,而与其它5个性状都无相关关系,说明SEUD、SEC与SEL、SEW、SET、SESA、SESC性状是相对独立的遗传性状;R型因子分析结果表明,萼片形状贡献率大小依次为:SEL>SEW>SET>SESA>SESC>SEUD>SEC;由旋转后的因子载荷矩阵和建立的因子数学模型可知,F1、F2、F3分别为第一、第二、第三主因子,说明萼片的性状与萼片长、萼片宽、萼片厚和萼片面积有较为紧密的联系。