A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF FUZZY EVALUATION METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

The problem of fuzzy evaluation of environmental pollution is importantboth in environment science and in environmental protection.Usual evaluationmethods have their own characteristics.This paper puts forward a mathematicalmodel of fuzzy evaluation method in grades by means of systematic analysisfor environmental pollution.At the same time,it assigns weighted values byordering based on paired comparison.     

基于近红外光谱技术的灵芝提取物掺假定量快速无损检测研究

为了探索快速测定灵芝提取物掺假(淀粉)含量的方法,采用近红外光谱扫描掺杂0%、5%、10%、20%、40%、60%、80%淀粉的灵芝提取物,对其光谱进行预处理和波段选择,并结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立灵芝提取物掺假定量快速无损检测方法。结果表明,使用多元散射校正(MSC)预处理方法,波数范围8 000~7 500、6 000~5 500和5 000~4 000cm~(-1),主因子数为8时,建立的偏最小二乘法模型的校正决定系数(R_(cal))、校正均方根差(RMSECV)、验证决定系数(R_(val))和验证均方根差(RMSEP)分别为0.9962、0.0249、0.9960和0.0241。运用该模型对验证集样品进行预测并统计分析,可知预测值与实际掺假值之间无显著差异。本研究为灵芝功能食品市场检测提供了方法基础。     

丹顶鹤血浆中生殖激素浓度的初步测定

以盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区人工饲养的丹顶鹤为试验素材 ,以放射免疫测定法 ,对 3对配对成鹤繁殖季节血浆中生殖激素浓度的变化进行初步的测定分析。结果表明 :在产卵的前、中、后期 ,公鹤的促黄体生成素 (LH)、促卵泡素(FSH)、睾酮 (T)和母鹤的LH、FSH、雌二醇 (E2 )均表现出“低高低”的变化趋势 ,而母鹤的促乳素 (PRL)则表现为“低低高” ;在整个繁殖期 ,公鹤血浆中的LH和FSH浓度均高于母鹤。     

抗虫杂交棉F1、F2代纤维品质的比较研究

2003年,在山东尹庄、江苏扬州、安徽宿松、湖北荆州、湖南长沙、湖南南县、湖南澧县等7个地点,对包括对照中29在内8个组合的F1、F2代共计16个材料进行纤维品质的比较研究,结果表明:抗虫杂交棉F1和F2代间除纤维长度达到显著差异外,其他7项指标差异均无显著,但F2代纤维品质变异范围增大,劣质纤维比例增加,优良纤维比例减少,从而出现纤维品质的衰退。     

全周期间作模式胶园间作肾茶的产量及药材质量

为评价肾茶在全周期间作模式胶园中的间作发展潜力,以肾茶的露地栽培为对照,对南北行向全周期间作模式胶园间作肾茶的产量及其药材主要质量指标进行了比较分析。结果表明：在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园中间作肾茶,不同观测位置、不同采样时期、不同部位肾茶的产量及其药材质量存在差异,间作各处理肾茶的产量均大幅度低于露地栽培,其中,间作区中产量最高的中间、东侧区地上部产量仅能达到露地栽培约30%的产量水平;虽然部分间作处理的肾茶浸出物、熊果酸含量稍高于露地栽培或与之基本持平,但肾茶地上部的黄酮、迷迭香酸、粗灰分含量均为林下间作差于露地栽培,同时该3个指标均呈现随胶园荫蔽度的增加而变差的趋势。与常规的露地栽培相比,在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园间作条件下,肾茶产量显著下降的同时药材质量变差。因此,肾茶不适宜在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园中间作发展。     

A critical appraisal of appendage disparity and homology in fishes

Fishes are both extremely diverse and morphologically disparate. Part of this disparity can be observed in the numerous possible fin configurations that may differ in terms of the number of fins as well as fin shapes, sizes and relative positions on the body. Here, we thoroughly review the major patterns of disparity in fin configurations for each major group of fishes and discuss how median and paired fin homologies have been interpreted over time. When taking into account the entire span of fish diversity, including both extant and fossil taxa, the disparity in fin morphologies greatly complicates inferring homologies for individual fins. Given the phylogenetic scope of this review, structural and topological criteria appear to be the most useful indicators of fin identity. We further suggest that it may be advantageous to consider some of these fin homologies as nested within the larger framework of homologous fin‐forming morphogenetic fields. We also discuss scenarios of appendage evolution and suggest that modularity may have played a key role in appendage disparification. Fin modules re‐expressed within the boundaries of fin‐forming fields could explain how some fins may have evolved numerous times independently in separate lineages (e.g., adipose fin), or how new fins may have evolved over time (e.g., anterior and posterior dorsal fins, pectoral and pelvic fins). We favour an evolutionary scenario whereby median appendages appeared from a unique field of competence first positioned throughout the dorsal and ventral midlines, which was then redeployed laterally leading to paired appendages.     

棉花正反交组合F1代性状的比较研究

按不完全双列杂交,以美国抗虫棉品种A1～A6为父本,国内常规棉品种B7～B12为母本,得到正交组合36个;以B系列为父本,A系列为母本,得到反交组合36个。2002年在湖南长沙、宁乡、南县、澧县4个实验点进行组合F1代产量、纤维品质、抗虫性等性状的正反交比较试验。结果表明:棉花纤维品质在正反交间无差异,棉花纤维品质性状遗传为非细胞质遗传;无论是子棉产量还是皮棉产量,抗虫杂交棉正、反交F1代间存在极显著差异,而且在构成产量的各个因子中,铃重在正反交间的差异达到了显著水平;从抗虫性方面看,正交组合的抗虫性稍好,其中对四代棉铃虫的抗性,正反交间差异达极显著水平。     

10个甜菜品种在感病区和非感病区的根产量和含糖率测定分析

为了评估感病区和非感病区对甜菜根产量和含糖率的影响,本试验对2017年和2018年的1个感病区和6个非感病区的10个甜菜品种的根产量和含糖率进行了测定。试验设计采用随机完全区组设计,配对t检验、多元方差分析对2017年和2018年种植于感病区和非感病区的10个甜菜品种的根产量和含糖率数据进行分析,共设置4个重复。多元方差分析结果显示,除2018年3区外,与2017年相比,2018年其他6个区域的4个重复的根产量差异不显著;2017年和2018年7个区域的10个品种之间显示出显著和非显著差异。箱线图显示,2017年的含糖率和2018年根产量与含糖率在7个区域的感病区（1区）与非感病区（2区~7区）均存在显著差异（配对t检验,p<0.001,p<0.001,p<0.001）。2017年,1区中的BETA377、BETA468、ST13112、LN90905、KWS2314、SV1554、BETA379和KWS9147没有显著差异,并处于较高水平。2018年,1区Knhn1357的根产量与其他9个品种具有显著差异,且处于高水平。在区域1中,2017年HI0554、BETA377、Kuhn1357、SV1554的含糖率与2018年HI0554、BETA468、KWS2314、Kuhn1357含糖率无显著差异,且处于较高水平。2017年和2018年,除2017年的LN90905与HI0554的根产量有显著差异外,5区10个品种的根产量和含糖率差异不显著。2017年和2018年,区域1的根产量和含糖率均存在显著差异（配对t检验,p<0.001,p=0.036）。区域5中,2017年和2018年10个甜菜品种的根产量差异不显著,含糖率差异显著（配对t检验,p=0.931,p<0.001）。经综合评估,ST13112,LN90905和SV1554抗病力较低;Knhn1357、BETA377、BETA468、KWS2314、KWS9147、BETA379和HI0554的抗病力较强。在同一区域和品种之间的根产量和含糖率存在显著性差异。     

Paired Somite Counts to Assess the Within-litter Diversity in Embryonic Development at Day 17, 19 and 21 of Pregnancy in Meishan and Yorkshire × Landrace Crossbred Gilts

Contents Eight Meishan and nine Large White × Landrace Crossbred gilts, 7 to 8 months of age, were slaughtered at 17, 19 or 21 days after insemination to determine the within-litter diversity in embryonic development as measured by the number of paired somites as well as by the length and weight of embryos after fixation. Embryonic survival was similar for the two breeds, averaging 85.1 ± 8.5% and 82.8 ± 9.4% for Meishan and Crossbred, respectively. No degenerating embryos were recovered. The normal Meishan and Crossbred embryos were developed similarly at each of the three stages of pregnancy (p ≥ 0.05). The within-litter diversity (s. d.) in the number of somites per embryo was not related to the average number of somites per embryo per litter, nor was it different between breeds. However, the within-litter diversity (s. d.) in the length and weight of embryos increased with increasing average length and weight per embryo per litter, respectively. The increase tended (p < 0.10) to be larger in the Meishan litters. It was concluded that the number of paired somites, the length and the weight of embryos on Days 17, 19 and 21 of pregnancy, give essentially the same information concerning the development of embryos. However, the number of paired somites provides additional information concerning the change in within-litter diversity in embryonic development with increasing average litter development. Inhalt: Unterschiede in der Emryonalentwicklung am 17., 19. und 21. Trächtigkeitstag bei Meishansauen und Yorkshire × Landrasse Kreuzungstieren, gemessen anhand der Anzahl gepaarter Somiten. Jungsauen (acht Meishan- und neun Large White × Landrasse-Kreuzungstiere) im Alter zwischen sieben und acht Monaten wurdem am Tag 17, 19 und 21 nach Besamung geschlachtet, um anhand der Zahl gepaarter Somiten, der Embryolänge und dem Gewicht festzustellen, wie groß die Variation der Embryonalentwicklung innerhalb eines Wurfes ist. Die embryonale Überlebensrate war für beide Rassen (Meishan und Kreuzungsrasse) gleich (im Mittel 85,1 ± 8,5 % und 82,8 ± 9,4%). Degenerierte Embryonen wurden nicht gewonnen. An den Untersuchungstagen entsprachen sie dem erwarteten Entwicklungs-stand (p ≥ 0.05). Die Unterschiede innerhalb des Wurfes (s.d.) hinsichtlich der Somiten-zahlwar nicht mit der durchschnittlichen Somitenzahl pro Embryo pro Wurf korreliert, noch gab es Rasseunterschiede. Bezüglich Größe und Gewicht wurde dagegen eine Zunahme der Variabilität innerhalb des Wurfes bei durchschnittlichem Anstieg dieser beiden Parameter beobachtet. Bei Meishanschweinen schien dies tendenziell deutlicherzu sein (p < 0.10). Daraus läßt sich folgern, daß grundsätzlich ähnliche Aussagen aus det Somitenzahl wie aus Länge und Gewicht der Embryonen am Tag 17, 19, und 21, bestehen. Die Somitenzahl erbringt darüber hinaus noch zusätzliche Znformationen bezüglich der Unterschiede innerhalb des Wurfes.     

Afforestation effects on soil carbon stocks of low productivity grassland in New Zealand

Soil carbon stock change between two major land uses in New Zealand was measured by sampling paired plots across the boundaries of low productivity grassland and forest planted pre‐1990. The national soil carbon monitoring system uses low productivity grassland as a benchmark to evaluate soil carbon stock change for other land uses. The goal was to validate earlier estimates of the effect of pre‐1990 afforestation and to reduce their level of uncertainty. We selected a set of sites to represent the national stocks of forests planted pre‐1990. Previous studies derived estimates of the land‐use effect on soil carbon for afforestation ranging from +1.6 to ?8.5 t/ha to 30 cm depth. For all estimates, the 95% confidence interval spanned zero. Our study used nine of the previous paired‐plot sites and sampled and analysed 21 new sites. The land‐use effect of change from grassland to forest planted pre‐1990 was estimated at ?17.4 t/ha. The 95% confidence interval ranged from ?10.1 to ?24.6 t/ha and did not include zero change. The result supported the soil carbon monitoring system assumption that forests planted pre‐1990 have significantly lower soil carbon stocks than the low‐productivity‐grassland standard. Evidence of stock change occurred in depth increments to 0.2 m but with no significant change for the 0.2–0.3 m increment. This suggests that the sampling depth of 0.3 m was adequate for the estimation of soil carbon stock change.