Reduced metribuzin pollution with phosphatidylcholine-clay formulations

BACKGROUND: Metribuzin is a widely used herbicide that has been identified as a groundwater contaminant. In this study, slow‐release formulations of metribuzin were designed by encapsulating the active ingredient in phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles and adsorbing the vesicles onto montmorillonite. RESULTS: The maximum active ingredient content in the slow‐release formulations was 246 g kg^?1. Infrared spectroscopy results revealed that the hydrophobic interactions between metribuzin and the alkyl chains on PC were necessary for encapsulation. In addition, water bridges connecting the herbicide and the PC headgroup enhanced the solubility of metribuzin in PC. Adsorption experiments in soils were performed to evaluate the relationship between sorption and leaching. Funnel experiments in a sandy soil revealed that the herbicide was not irreversibly retained in the formulation matrix. In soil column experiments, PC–clay formulations enhanced herbicide accumulation and biological activity in the top soil layer relative to a commercial formulation. PC–clay formulations also reduced the dissipation of metribuzin by a factor of 1.6–2.5. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in the recommended dose of metribuzin can be achieved by employing PC–clay formulations, which reduces the environmental risk associated with herbicide applications. Moreover, PC and montmorillonite are non‐toxic and do not negatively affect the environment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Relative sensitivity of a herbicide-resistant rutabaga genotype to cyanazine and metribuzin

Growth and photochemical response of triazine-susceptible and -resistant rutabaga ‘Laurentian’ genotypes to cyanazine (chloro-s-triazine) and metribuzin (methylthio-as-triazine) were evaluated. The young seedlings of the susceptible rutabaga were killed when cyanazine or metribuzin were applied either pre- or post-emergence. The triazine-resistant rutabaga, however, displayed a differential response to these herbicides. Metribuzin applied pre-emergence killed the seedlings at 0.4 kg ha^?1, and at 0.2 kg ha^?1 the growth was severely affected. Cyanazine even at higher rates applied pre- or post-emergence failed to inhibit growth in these plants.Chlorophyll fluorescence in leaf sections at the cotyledonary, 2-leaf and 4-leaf stages in the susceptible plants increased by 130 and 172% in response to 10^?5 M cyanazine and metribuzin, respectively, suggesting that Photosystem II reactions in these plants were severely impaired. In resistant plants, there was little or no leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (LCF) increase at this herbicide concentration. However, at 10^?4 M cyanazine and metribuzin, the LCF in resistant plants increased significantly and the increase was greater in response to metribuzin (86%) than to cyanazine (51%). This indicates that with these triazine-resistant genotypes, metribuzin is relatively more potent and at high rates is capable of interfering with photosynthesis.     

嗪草酮70%可湿性粉剂在大豆上残留动态研究

为了评价嗪草酮70%可湿性粉剂在大豆上的残留动态和使用安全性,应用气相色谱法,在大豆及土壤中进行了残留动态试验。测定结果表明,嗪草酮在大豆植株中半衰期为8.5～14.4d,土壤中半衰期为15.8～21.3d;大豆中最终残留量均为未检出。以此结果制定合理使用准则:按有效成分795g/hm2土壤喷雾使用1次。     

Metribuzin mobility in soil columns as affected by urea fertiliser

Application of urea fertilisers to soils influences the soil solution characteristics and thus may affect the sorption of soil-applied herbicides. The present investigation reports the influence of urea co-application on sorption and leaching of metribuzin, a triazine herbicide. Urea application at 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1) increased metribuzin sorption in soils over that in untreated natural soil. The Kf (Freundlich adsorption coefficient) values of metribuzin for natural, 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1) treatments were 0.43, 0.46 and 0.84 microg(1 - 1/n) g(-1) ml1/n respectively. Downward mobility of metribuzin was studied in packed soil columns (300 mm length x 59 mm i.d.) at two irrigation intensities, 720 m3 ha(-1) (72 mm) and 3600 m3 ha(-1) (360 mm). After 720 m3 ha(-1) irrigation, metribuzin did not leach out of any column and was not detected in the leachate. Urea amendment slowed the leaching of metribuzin by 20 and 40% in 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1) urea-treated columns respectively. Also, following urea application, greater amounts of metribuzin were retained in the application zone. Upon increasing the irrigation intensity fivefold, urea application did not have any effect on metribuzin mobility, and its breakthrough from both natural and urea-amended columns occurred after 126 mm irrigation. However, there was a marked difference in the maximum concentration of metribuzin in the breakthrough curves obtained from natural and urea-amended columns. The study indicated that co-application of metribuzin and urea fertiliser is a safe practice as far as leaching of herbicide is concerned.     

砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配应用于大豆-玉米带状复合种植田的效果评价

为明确小麦Triticum aestivum田新型除草剂砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配应用于大豆Glycine max-玉米Zea mays带状复合种植田的可行性,在温室内采用Gowing法测定砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配的联合作用类型,并通过盆栽法测定两者复配制剂80%砜吡·嗪草酮水分散粒剂（water dispersiblegranule,WDG）的杂草防除谱以及对大豆和玉米的安全性。结果显示,砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配防除禾本科杂草马唐Digitaria sanguinalis和稗Echinochloa oryzicola的联合作用类型属于增效作用;对阔叶杂草苘麻Abutilon theophrasti和龙葵Solanum nigrum的联合作用类型属于加成作用。80%砜吡·嗪草酮WDG对6种禾本科杂草马唐、稗、牛筋草Eleusine indica、狗尾草Setaira viridis、虎尾草Chloris virgata、大狗尾草Setaira faberii和4种阔叶杂草马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、青葙Celosia argentea、铁苋菜Acalypha australis、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus的防除效果均很好,其GR₅₀在6.1~21.6 g (a.i.)/hm²之间,GR₉₀在16.3~50.5 g (a.i.)/hm²之间,对苘麻和龙葵的防除效果略差,其GR₅₀分别为53.3 g (a.i.)/hm²和25.4 g (a.i.)/hm²,GR₉₀分别为282.1 g (a.i.)/hm²和96.7 g (a.i.)/hm²,低于其田间推荐剂量300~360 g (a.i.)/hm²,且该药剂对玉米和大豆的安全性都很高,在玉米与马唐、稗、牛筋草、马齿苋、青葙及铁苋菜这6种杂草之间的选择性指数均大于13.6,在大豆与这6种杂草之间的选择性指数均远大于28.5。表明砜吡草唑完全可与嗪草酮复配应用于大豆-玉米带状复合种植田的杂草防除。     

Inheritance of tolerance to metribuzin in durum wheat

The inheritance of tolerance to the herbicide metribuzin was studied in two durum wheat cultivars, one of which, 'Anton', is resistant and one, 'Nita', susceptible. Parents, F₁, F₂ and F₃ of the crosses 'Anton' × 'Nita' and 'Nita' × 'Anton' were tested for herbicide response. The character evaluated was the increase in weight of plants treated with the herbicide. As there were no significant differences between progenies of reciprocal crosses, cytoplasm was not involved in tolerance. Tolerance was semi-dominant with means values of F₁, F₂ and F₃ progenies in the range of mid-parent. The heritability of this trait estimated by regression of the average of progeny F₃ in their parent F₂ had a value of 0.23 ± 0.063 and a value of 0.52 ± 0.150 estimated by the relation V _G/ V _P for full-sib F₂ families.     

气相色谱串联质谱法测定土壤中除草剂残留含量

以气相色谱串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)多反应监测(MRM)方式进行定量和定性分析建立了土壤中除草剂莠去津、塞克津、2,4-D丁酯残留含量的联合测定方法。结果表明,本方法有效地降低了样品复杂基质带来的干扰,简化了分析步骤。采用外标法定量测得回收率为73%～104%,标准偏差为5.9%～11.5%,方法的回收率和线性关系结果令人满意,实验证明,该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,适用于土壤中除草剂莠去津、塞克津、2,4-D丁酯残留含量的联合检测。     

A psbA mutation in Kochia scoparia (L) Schrad from railroad rights-of-way with resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin

Kochia [Kochia scoparia (L) Schrad] has become resistant to many herbicides used in cropland and railroad rights-of-way in North Dakota and Minnesota. Kochia scoparia plants that had survived annual treatments with diuron and tebuthiuron were sampled along railroad rights-of-way in North Dakota and Minnesota. The samples were screened in the greenhouse for resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron, metribuzin and bromoxynil from 0.5x to 32x the recommended use rates. A resistant K scoparia accession (MN-3R) was confirmed with resistance up to 16-fold higher than recommended use rates for tebuthiuron and diuron and up to 4-fold higher for metribuzin. However, the resistant K scoparia accession was susceptible to bromoxynil even at 50% of the recommended use rate. The herbicide binding region of the psbA gene fragment of eight resistant (R) and seven susceptible (S) K scoparia accessions was PCR-amplified and sequenced for detection of mutations. The psbA gene of four R K scoparia accessions was mutated at residue 219 with substitution of isoleucine for valine (GenBank accession number AY251265). The seven S K scoparia accession sequences were wild-type at this residue (GenBank accession number AY251266). The other four R accessions sequences showed a previously known triazine R mutation with substitution of glycine for serine at residue 264. All 15 K scoparia accessions were wild-type at all other psbA residues within the region analyzed. Resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin among the railroad rights-of-way K scoparia is probably due to the mutation at residue 219 of the psbA gene in some plants, but due to the previously reported Ser(264)Gly substitution in other plants. Target-site resistance associated with a change of valine to isoleucine at residue 219 of the psbA target-site in weeds has previously been reported for Poa annua L selected in diuron-treated grass seed fields, and for Amaranthus powelli S Wats selected in linuron-treated carrot fields. This is the first report of the mutation in herbicide-resistant K scoparia.